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Victoria Barzilai opened her mouth wide so the doctor could look at her sore throat. Not (1) a remarkable event, except that Victoria was at home and the doctor was hundreds of miles away. Feeling too sick to (2) herself to the school health center, the third-year university student had chosen a cyber-doctor visit, the 21st century (3) of a house call.A number of websites offer face-to-face consultations of the (4) visit to anyone with a credit card and access to a webcam-equipped computer. The services are intended for patients with (5) minor problems that don’t require hands-on diagnoses or treatments, not for people who need stitches, MRIs or casts on broken limbs.One presumed strong advantage of e-visits like these is (6) . That counted with Victoria who points out that "My doctor is at least an hour away, and besides, I didn’t know when I could get in to see him." Victoria used MedCareLive.com, which offers California (7) no-wait consultations with healthcare professionals from 9 a.m. to midnight every day. Other sites, such as Teladoc and MeMD, offer consultations 24/7. Some e-visit sites ask for consultation fees. Others (8) different rates for different services.Although MedCareLive.com does not (9) with any insurance companies, co-founders Dr. David Tashman and Sigi Marmorstein set out to make their service a good deal—for people who have insurance and people who don’t. "We set our price point at ＄45 for a reason," Tashman says. "Most co-pays by insurance companies run from ＄30 to ＄50.""We want to help people stay away from the emergency room and (10) care," Marmorstein adds. "We want to save people money." （4）处填（）。
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Victoria Barzilai opened her mouth wide so the doctor could look at her sore throat. Not (1) a remarkable event, except that Victoria was at home and the doctor was hundreds of miles away. Feeling too sick to (2) herself to the school health center, the third-year university student had chosen a cyber-doctor visit, the 21st century (3) of a house call.A number of websites offer face-to-face consultations of the (4) visit to anyone with a credit card and access to a webcam-equipped computer. The services are intended for patients with (5) minor problems that don’t require hands-on diagnoses or treatments, not for people who need stitches, MRIs or casts on broken limbs.One presumed strong advantage of e-visits like these is (6) . That counted with Victoria who points out that "My doctor is at least an hour away, and besides, I didn’t know when I could get in to see him." Victoria used MedCareLive.com, which offers California (7) no-wait consultations with healthcare professionals from 9 a.m. to midnight every day. Other sites, such as Teladoc and MeMD, offer consultations 24/7. Some e-visit sites ask for consultation fees. Others (8) different rates for different services.Although MedCareLive.com does not (9) with any insurance companies, co-founders Dr. David Tashman and Sigi Marmorstein set out to make their service a good deal—for people who have insurance and people who don’t. "We set our price point at ＄45 for a reason," Tashman says. "Most co-pays by insurance companies run from ＄30 to ＄50.""We want to help people stay away from the emergency room and (10) care," Marmorstein adds. "We want to save people money." （5）处填（）。
A new study finds that even mild stress can affect your ability to control your emotions. A team of neuroscientists at New York University say that their findings suggest that certain (1) that teach people how to better control their emotions—such as those used to treat social anxiety and phobias—may not work as well during stressful situations."We have long suspected that stress can (2) our ability to control our emotions, but this is the first study to document how even mild stress can undercut therapies designed to keep our emotions in (3) ," said senior author and psychology professor Elizabeth Phelps. "In other words, what you learn in the clinic may not be as (4) in the real world when you’re stressed."To help patients learn to (5) their emotional impairment, therapists sometimes use cognitive restructuring techniques encouraging patients to alter their thoughts or approach to a situation to change their emotional response. These might include focusing on the positive or non-threatening aspects of an event or (6) that might normally produce fear.To test how these techniques hold up in real-life situations, the team (7) a group of 78 volunteers, who viewed pictures of snakes and spiders. Some of the pictures were paired with an electric shock, and participants (8) developed a fear of these pictures. The subjects "reported more (9) feelings of fear when viewing the pictures, compared with when they viewed images not paired with a shock."Next the participants were taught cognitive strategies, similar to those (10) by therapists and known as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to learn to diminish the fears brought on by the experiment. （4）处填（）。
Making Robots More Like UsA．On a recent morning Natanel Dukan walked into the Paris offices of the French robot maker Aldebaran and noticed one of the company’s humanoid (类人的) NAO robots sitting on a chair. Mr. Dukan, an electrical engineer, could not resist. Bending over, he kissed the robot on the cheek. In response the NAO tilted its head and touched his cheek. It is certainly a very French application for a robot, but the intimate gesture by the ＄16,000, two-foot robot, now being used in academic research labs and robotic soccer leagues, also reflects a significant shift.B．Until recently, most robots were carefully separated from humans. They have largely been used in factories to perform repetitive tasks that required speed, precision and force. That generation of robots is dangerous, and they have been caged and fenced for the protection of workers.C．But the industrial era of robotics is over. And robots are beginning to move around in the world. More and more, they are also beginning to imitate—and look like—humans. And they are beginning to perform tasks as humans do, too. Many of the new generation of robots are tele-operated from a distance, but are increasingly doing tasks independent of direct human control. Moreover, the new robots are designed not just to replace but to collaborate with humans.D．The idea that robots will be partners of humans, rather than stand-ins or servants, is now driving research at universities and industrial laboratories. This year, new United States industry standards for robotic manufacturing systems were published, underlining the emergence of the field. The standards specify performance requirements that will permit human workers to collaborate with robots directly, and they reverse manufacturing guidelines from 1999 that prohibited "continuous attended operations" requiring humans to be in close contact with robots that were deemed unsafe by the industry.E．Today’s robot designers believe that their creations will become therapists, caregivers, guides and security guards, and will ultimately perform virtually any form of human labor. (Robots that can think on their own—that is, perform with high levels of artificial intelligence—have yet to arrive.)F．The key to this advance is the new robots’ form. Their humanlike appearance does more than satisfy science-fiction fantasies. Roboticists say they are choosing the human form for both social and technical reasons. Robots that operate indoors, in particular, must be able to navigate a world full of handles, switches, levers and doors that have been designed for humans. Roboticists also point out that humans have an affinity (亲和力) for their own shape, easing transitions and making collaboration more natural. Creating robots in humanoid form also simplifies training and partnerships in the workplace, and increases their potential in new applications like caregiving.G．It is still unclear how well these new robots will be accepted by society, for they raise fundamental questions about what it means to be human. However, rapid improvements in computer vision, processing power and storage, low-cost sensors, as well as new algorithms (算法) that allow robots to plan and move in disordered environments, are malting these new uses possible and in the process changing the nature of robotics.H．And so on factory floors around the world, a new breed of robot is being manufactured by companies like Rethink Robotics of Boston, which makes a humanoid robot for simple factory automation tasks, and Universal Robots of Odense, Denmark, which makes a dual robot-arm system designed for doing more traditional factory applications, but without cages.I．In Dr. Kemp’s Healthcare Robotics lab at Georgia Tech, a five-foot robot named Cody, which is able to sense forces on its arms and has a base that allows it to move gracefully, is being used as a dance partner for both experienced human dancers and patients in physical therapy. "This is a way that robots can be used for fun, interactive exercise in restoration," Dr. Kemp said. "We can also use it as a tool to understand whole body physical interaction between people and robots."J．At Carnegie Mellon University, Manuela M. Veloso, a professor of computer science, has developed a series of mobile robots she calls CoBots to perform tasks like delivering marl, guiding visitors to appointments and fetching coffee. She calls it "symbiotic autonomy," since the robots also rely on humans. For example, because they don’t have arms, they can’t operate elevators, so they have been programmed to wait and ask for human assistance. If they get lost, they stop, call up a map of the building on their computer screens, interrupt a passing human and say, "I am lost, can you tell me where I am The robotics community calls the idea cheating," Dr. Veloso said, "but it’s not. It’s the secret to real autonomy."K．To function in the real world and to be safe, robots must have a radically different design from factory robots, which are based on "stiff" actuators (制动器) capable of moving with great speed to a precise position. The new robots have "obedient actuators," which respond to external forces by yielding in a natural fashion. The original research into this area of what is now known as "soft robotics" began in the mid-1990s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with work by Gill Pratt, who was exploring walking robots, and Matthew Williamson, then a graduate student and now director of technology development at Rethink Robotics.L．The research was not initially focused on solving the problem of human interaction, but the scientists soon realized the implications, recalled Dr. Pratt, who is now the project manager for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Robotics Challenge, an upcoming contest that is intended to advance robotics technology to be used in natural disasters and other emergencies. "It actually started with numerically controlled machine tools," he said—using computer-controlled robots to perform milling tasks.M．For those manufacturing uses, what mattered was the precise positioning of the robot limb. However, Dr. Pratt was focused on developing walking robots that could move in the natural world, and force was more significant than precision to meet that challenge: "There the position of the limb didn’t matter so much, but what mattered was how hard was the robot pressing on the world, and how hard the world was pressing back on the robot," he said.N．The solution was to put something elastic, like a spring, between the motor and the joint. These are now described as series elastic actuators, and the technique of installing them is now widely used as a low-cost solution for robots that are both nonthreatening to humans and able to move more quickly and lightly in the natural world.O．Dr. Pratt recalled an incident when the researchers first realized that series elastic actuation was the key to freeing robots. While working on an early humanoid robot named COG, in a project led by Rodney Brooks, the founder of Rethink Robotics who was then director of the M.I.T. artificial intelligence lab, they were demonstrating how the robot could do tasks like writing with a pencil and paper. However, there was a bug in the software, causing the robot’s arm to repeatedly bang the table. Dr. Brooks decided it was an opportunity to demonstrate the safety of the technology. He placed himself between the table and the arm, which began hitting him.P．Roboticists describe this original approach as "passive obedience." Today there are other approaches—"active obedience"—that use software and sensors to blend speed and precision of more rigid robots with operations that are safe around humans. A 5-foot robot dance partner can be used in physical therapy.（）
People traveling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air. Hardly can anyone positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night, when you really wish to go to sleep you rarely manage to do so. Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted. Long car journey are even less pleasant, for it is quite impossible even to read. On motorways you can, at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on narrow, bumpy roads which are crowded with traffic. By comparison, trips by sea offer a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, swim, meet interesting people and enjoy good food—always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not, and you are likely to get seasick; no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice up to a third of their holidays for the pleasure of traveling on a ship.Airplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and expensive. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Traveling at a height of 30,000 feet, far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the flight. The real escapist can watch a free film show and sip champagne on some services. But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An airplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is hidden from the view, you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch out for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled. What can we learn about the long distance journey by car ？（）
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