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阅读以下关于软件工程管理方面的叙述，回答问题1和问题2。 某大型企业集团的信息工程部有一百多名专职的软件工程师从事企业内外的软件开发与维护工作，该集团分布地域广阔。集团内采用了多种操作系统平台和多类开发环境。王总工程师在总结近三年来的软件开发工作时，发现有10%左右的软件开发项目未能完成而被迫取消；其余25%的项目中大多也不能完全实现预定的目标。特别是在软件测试环节出了很大问题。 王总工程师组织了信息工程部内有关的管理人员和业务骨干，召开了三次小结与分析会议，在会上集中讨论了软件工程管理有关的问题，在归纳的意见中出现了以下的一些内容： (1)软件开发已经逐渐成为一类工业化的生产过程，必须尽可能对其中的所有环节进行有效的管理与控制。 (2)软件工程管理与其它工程管理相比，主要的困难包括：软件产品的不可见性(难以把握开发进展与质量要求等)、软件开发过程的非标准化和许多软件项目开发的“一次性” (缺少可借鉴的经验)等。 (3)软件开发面对着进度、成本、功能和性能四方面的主要约束，即要求在预定的期限内，使用规定的有限资源，满足不断增长的软件功能与性能需求。从这个角度来看，必须强化软件工程的管理。 (4)Client/Server与Browser/Server模式等已成为当前软件体系结构的主流。在日益复杂的分布式开发环境下，进行跨平台的团队开发，实现代码共享相当困难，软件工程管理在其中可以发挥其重大作用。 (5)从目前情况看，要注意软件维护可能带来的副作用，也就是没有找到隐含的错误，在以后的软件维护中一定要注意。 (6)跨平台复杂环境多重结构开发含有许多需要加以管理的对象类型，多样化的团体开发也应加强管理。 (7)为使得开发人员对软件产品的各个阶段工作都进行周密的思考，从而减少返工，所以测试计划的编制是很重要的。 (8)一个大中型的应用系统的开发可能包含有成百上千个软件模块以及数以百万计的代码行，任何一个编程人员不可能了解和追踪该应用系统所有的每一个片断，因此使软件代码具有可管理性和可审核性将是软件工程管理中的一项重要任务。 (9)要提高软件的使用效率，要实施软件复用。软件复用是指重复使用已有的软件产品用于开发新的软件系统，以达到提高软件系统的开发质量与效率、降低开发成本的目的。软件复用的两个层次包括知识复用；方法和标准复用，软件复用的级别包括代码复用和分析结构的复用。 (10)我们的长远目标是需要建立一类软件开发管理体系，能有效地辅助软件开发全过程中对有关信息的收集和管理，这类体系应是可重复使用的并可适用于各类软件开发项目，使软件资源在软件的生命周期中保持完整。 (11)对外服务的软件开发机构应当努力取得ISO9000质量认证，并根据CMM(能力成熟度模型)标准来改进自己的开发过程。在这些质量标准实现的过程中，软件工程管理起着重要的作用。 [问题2] 信息工程部与王总工程师在详细分析本集团的软件工程管理方面存在的各类问题时，发现在不少软件项目实施过程中，随着软件开发规模的增大、复杂程度的增加，以寻找软件中的错误为目的的测试工作就显得更加困难。软件测试这一环节较为薄弱．尤其是对软件测试问题认识上有一些偏差。软件测试包括人工测试和机器测试两大部分。请你用250字以内文字以提纲方式说明，软件测试的一般步骤(只需列出相应的书称并且简要说明即可)
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W: Exercise, exercise, exercise. We hear so much about it these days, yet even the experts can’t agree on which exercises are best. Now some doctors are strongly encouraging arm exercises.M: Arm exercises Is that because our arms are too fat or flabbyW: Actually, that’s not the main reason. They say that arm exercises are an ideal way to become physically fit.M: But don’t arm exercises raise your blood pressureW: That they do. But the article I read mentioned ways to compensate for that.M: HowW: By adding leg exercises, so the arms don’t do all the work. Arm exercises alone aren’t enough to increase metabolism before fatigue sets in it. The more of the body that’s involved in the exercises, the better.M: And in turn, I’m sure that there’s a great chance of losing weight.W: Sounds right to me.M: So what exercises do the experts recommendW: They mentioned quite a few, but some of the more popular ones are cycling with special bicycles that make you use both your arms and legs. And walking vigorously while you wear arm weights.M: I must try that. I like to walk a lot. Which of the following exercises is suggested()
Although the size of the workforce depends a great deal on the size of the total population, there are several other influences which also affect it. The age distribution of the total population has a very (21) effect on the available workforce. If the population has a high (22) of very young people or of (23) too old to work, then the available workforce would be lower than (24) there were an (25) spread age distribution. If the population grows raidly (26) natural increase, i.e., the number of births greatly (27) the number of deaths, then as a total population increases the proportion of the workforce (28) .Sometimes a population is described as aging, (29) means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly, and as people retire (30) the workforce there are insufficient numbers of young people entering it to (31) those who are leaving it. The population is top heavy with older people. So the (32) of the population in the workforce declines when there is (33) a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate.The age distribution of the population has several important effects on the economy. If the population is aging and there is an increase in the number of people retiring (34) a corresponding increase in the number entering the workforce, this raises the problem of the ability of the economy to provide a (35) level of social services to the retired group. If the (36) are to be cared (37) in special homes or hotels, finance must be (38) for that purpose. If the size of the workforce is small relative (39) the total population, then the government tax receipts are relatively low and either the government has less money available to it or the workforce members have to be (40) more heavily. 25().
In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-mirror-the glass in the roof of a greenhouse which allows the sun’s rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert’s prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up took place, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several meters and severely flooding coastal cities. Also the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth’s chief food-growing zones.In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arctic because the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarcitic ice are already disappearing. The evidence available suggests that a warming takes place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to falling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has the most effect on the weatherOn possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and "cold" spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sun rotated, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter of "colder" face to the earth, and different aspects to different parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of the earth’s atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering new Ice Age and it is not. One way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a way of thousands of years while the solar effects overcome the inertia (惯性的) of the earth’s climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving a useful counter-balance to the sun’s diminishing heat. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that ().
安徽的齐云山是我国丹霞地貌中最高的山地。( )
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