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How a Terrible Battle Helped to Change Europe Ninety years ago on a sunny morning in Northern France, something happened that changed Britain and Europe for ever. At half past seven on the morning of July 1, 1916, whistles blew and thousands of British soldiers left their positions to attack their German enemies. By the end of the day, 20,000 of them were dead, and another 30,000 wounded or missing. The Battle of the Somme, (51) it is called, lasted for six months. When it ended, 125,000 British soldiers were dead. They had gained five kilometers of ground. This was one of a series of great battles during the WWI. The attack on the Somme was staged to relieve (52) on the French, who were engaged in a great battle of their own at a place called Verdun. By the time the battle ended, over a million French and German troops had been killed. About 17 million people were killed in WWI. There have been wars with greater numbers of dead. But there has never been one (53) most of the dead were concentrated in such a small area. On the Somme battlefield, two men died for every meter of space. Local farmers working in the land still (54) the bodies of those who died in that battle. The dead of all nations were buried in a series of giant graveyards along the line of the border (55) France and Belgium. Relatives and descendants of those who died still visit these graveyards today. What the French call the "tourism of death" (56) an important contribution to the local economy. It took a second great conflict before Europe was to turn (57) war itself. Twenty-eight years after the Somme battle, a liberating army of British, American and Canadian troops took back (58) from another German invasion. More than 500,000 people were killed. New (59) were built. Two great conflicts across two generations helped to change the European mind about war. Germany, once the most warlike country in Europe, is now probably more in (60) of peace than any other. One major cause of war in Europe was rivalry between France and Germany. The European Union was specifically formed to end that (61) . According to US commentator William Pfaff, "Europeans are interested in a slow development of civilized and tolerant international relations, (62) on problems while avoiding catastrophes along the way. They have themselves only recently (63) from the catastrophes of the WWI and WWII, when tens of millions of people were destroyed. They don’t want (64) ." The last British veteran of the Somme battle died in 2005, aged 108. And the WWI is passing out of memory and into history. But for anyone who wants to understand how Europeans (65) , it is still important to know a little about the terrible events of July 1, 1916.
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据明人蒋一葵《长安客话》记述，昔日的永乐大钟，日供六僧击之，“昼夜撞击，声闻数十里，其声宏宏，时远时近，有异他钟”。如此美妙绝伦的钟声是怎么样形成的呢 从外表上可以明显看出，大钟的钟壁上下厚度不同，钟腰的厚度是94毫米，而钟口的壁厚是185毫米。测音表明，不同厚度的各个部分，都会产生相应的频率振动，发出不同的声音，而这众多分音的汇集就是一首雄伟的交响曲。 加上永乐大钟合理的合金成分比率，优雅钟声的出现就不是偶然了。明永乐大钟的成分中含铜80.5%、锡16.4%及少量其他元素。当含锡在16%左右时，就能保证钟体强度、韧度适度，保持钟声振动的持续性；若含锡量过多或太少都会使钟声余音减短，那么就无法欣赏到永乐大钟闻声数十里的悠长钟声了。 同时还发现，永乐大钟的正下方，由一个直径4米、深0.7米的八角形地坑，它不单方便人们仰视大钟内壁，还有为钟声散音的功能，与现代舞台前乐池的声学作用异曲同工。 三管齐下方才造就了永乐大钟举世无双的完美音质。那么，明朝的能工巧匠是如何设计出这令人叫绝的声场呢 中国古钟千百年来的发展脉络有其自成_一派的风格样式。中国钟的基本形状是钟声高度与口径之比在1:0.7左右，西洋中则在1:1左右。中国钟用钟杵从外壁敲击，而西洋钟用钟舌从内部敲击，因而发出的声音比中国钟更加急促、高昂。 通过物理分析，钟声产生于撞钟引起的振动，而钟声的强弱、高低、音色主要取决于钟体的形状和材质。钟壁厚则钟声沉闷，反之清脆；钟体短而口径大则钟声消失得比较快，反之悠长。永乐大钟上端闭塞、下端钟口开放，形成钟顶小、钟腰细、钟身长、钟口外张似喇叭。当撞击时，引起钟声振动，使各分音的频率恰当，产生拍频现象。此外，成分分析的结果告示我们，永乐大钟的合金成分比率与《周礼·考工记》中的“六齐”大致相符。 (选自刘民朝主编《科技发明的历史长河》，上海科学技术文献出版社，2004) 根据本文，以下因素中能最有效保证钟声余音幽远的是：
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