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Passage 4 Some cities grow very large because of two important reasons. First, there may be important natural resources like wood, gas, oil, rivers or harbors near or in the city. Natural resources like wood or oil can be brought to the city and made into products to sell. Other resources, like rivers or harbors help to send the city’s products to other places to be sold. Second, the city may be located in a place where roads and rivers come together. This makes these cities good places to buy and sell goods. Houston is a city that grew large because it has two important natural resources. They are oil and a good harbor. The oil can be brought to Houston, made into different products, and shipped out of the harbor to other parts of the world. Chicago is a city that grew very large because of its location at a place where roads, railways, and airways meet. In Chicago, goods can be brought together from all over the country and bought and sold. Then the goods can be loaded into trucks, trains or planes and sent to wherever they are needed. Because of Chicago’s location, many people live and work there. Which resource can be brought to the city and made into products to sell
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Hawaii, the newest state in the United States, is a (21) of eight large islands and many small (22) in the Central Pacific Ocean, about 2,200 miles west of San Francisco. Hawaii was probably (23) about 750 A. D. , by (24) from the other Pacific islands. The first Europeans (25) Americans to visit it were the British Captain James Cook and his (26) in 1778. James named his discovery the Sandwich Islands (27) the sponsor of his expedition, the Earl of Sandwich. Twelve years later, the others from Europe and the new United States began to settle in the islands. These "westerners" brought (28) to Hawaii. They brought new diseases, which the Hawaiians had no (29) to; they brought alcohol, which many Hawaiians became (30) to; they brought a new religion which (31) the old values and forced the islanders to (32) their old culture and (33) to a new one. Many Americans settled in Hawaii, and in 1893, they (34) the queen and (35) Hawaii a republic. Sandford Dole, a missionary’s son, was made president. In 1898, the United States (36) the islands, and it became a (37) of the United States in 1900. On December 7th, 1941, the Japanese (38) Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This attack (39) the entrance of the United States to the Second World War. In 1959, the United States Congress (40) Hawaii to statehood, making it the fiftieth state in the United States. For the first time in about 200 years, Hawaiians were able to participate in the electoral process.
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Don’t Treat Animals as Furry Test-tubes Most of us agree that there is a moral obligation to minimize the suffering of any captive animals. In addition, there are numerous self-serving reasons why we should respect the welfare of our captive companions. However, the impact of poor animal welfare on the quality of animal science always concerns a scientist the most. Rodents(灵长类动物) make up over 80% of the animals used in scientific procedures, and most are kept in small, barren cages. Such housing is known to constrain normal development, affecting the structure and function of adult rodent brains. These rodents may spend 50% of waking hours performing repetitive activities without apparent purpose. This abnormal behavior is likely to reflect what is going on inside the body. As ethnologist Hanno Wfirbel, of the Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Germany, puts it," The point that the environment might change behavior but it doesn’t change biology is ridiculous. Every behavior has a physiological background." If welfare affects behavior, and therefore biology, it will affect scientific outcomes. As long as we continue to treat experimental animals as simple" furry test-tubes", ignoring their abilities and needs, we endanger the quality of the work we do with them. So, how can we improve life for other species when we cannot experience it as they do We’d better ask the animals. Ask them what they need, and what causes them suffering, through carefully designed preference tests and in-depth behavioural research. Scientists have already begun this task, and have been told some important and unexpected facts by their study subjects. By consistently self-medicating with pain killers, broiler chickens (嫩鸡) have told us that they are in chronic pain. By moving a barrier twice their size, mink (水貂) have told us that water baths are the most important enrichment for them. By only stopping their fruitless stereotypic digging in certain circumstances, gerbils(沙鼠) have told us that they need to be able to sleep in tunneled nest-boxes. By behaving normally again, starlings have told us that they need high frequency light bulbs. What are scientists most concerned about according to the first paragraph
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