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案例分析题Reading Section DirectionsIn this section you will read five passages and answer reading comprehension questions about each passage. Most questions are worth one point, but the last question in each set is worth more than one point. The directions indicate how many points you may receive.You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions. Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue. Click on the word or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.When you want to move on to the next question, click on Next. You can skip questions and go back to them later as long as there is time remaining. If you want to return to previous questions, click on Back. You can click on Review at any time and the review screen will show you which question you have answered and which you have not. From this review screen, you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the reading section.When you are ready to continue, click on the Continue icon.Set 1Science Fiction Not Any MoreScience fiction has often been the source of inspiration for new technologies. The exoskeletons and head-mounted displays featured in the film "Aliens", for example, spawned a number of militaryfunded projects to try to create similar technologies. Automatic sliding doors might never have become popular had they not appeared on the television series "Star Trek". And the popularity of flip-top or "clamshell" mobile phones may stem from the desire to look like Captain Kirk flipping open his communicator on the same program.Now it seems that "Star Trek" has done it again. This month, American soldiers in Iraq will begin trials of a device inspired by the "comm badge" featured in "Star Trek: The Next Generation". Like crew members of the starship Enterprise, soldiers will be able to talk to other members of their unit just by tapping and then speaking into a small badge worn on the chest. What sets the comm badge apart from a mere walkie-talkie, and appeals to "Star Trek" fans, is the system’s apparent intelligence. It works out who you are calling from spoken commands, and connects you instantly.The system, developed by Vocera Communications of Cupertino, California, uses a combination of Wi-Fi wireless networking and Voice-overInternet Protocol (VoIP) technologies to link up the badges via a central server, akin to a switchboard. The badges are already being used in 80 large institutions, most of them hospitals, to replace overhead paging systems, says Brent Lang, Vocera’s vice-president.Like its science-fiction counterpart, the badge is designed so that all functions can be carded out by pressing a single button. On pressing it, the caller gives a command and specifies the name of a person or group of people, such as "call Dr. Smith" or "locate the nearest anesthesiologist". Voice-recognition software interprets the commands and locates the appropriate person or group, based on whichever Wi-Fi base-station they are closest to. The person receiving the call then hears an audible alert stating the name of the caller and, if he or she wishes to take the call, responds by tapping the badge and starting to speak.That highlights a key difference between the "Star Trek" comm badge and the real-life version:Vocera’s implementation allows people to reject incoming calls, rather than having the voice of the caller patched through automatically.But even the most purist fans can forgive Vocera for deviating from the script in this way, says David Batchelor, an astrophysicist and "Star Trek" enthusiast at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.For there are, he notes, some curious aspects to the behavior of the comm badges in "Star Trek".When the captain of the Enterprise says "Picard to sick-bay: Medical emergency on the bridge", for example, his badge somehow connects him to the sick-bay before he has stated the destination of the call.Allowing badge users to reject incoming calls if they are busy, rather than being connected instantly, was a feature added at the request of customers, says Mr. Lang. But in almost all other respects the badges work just like their fictional counterparts. This is not very surprising, says Lawrence Krauss, an astrophysicist at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and the author of "The Physics of Star Trek". In science fiction, and particularly in "Star Trek", most problems have technological fixes. Sometimes, it seems, those fixes can be applied to real-world problems too.Vocera’s system is particularly well suited to hospitals, says Christine Tarver, a clinical manager at E1 Camino Hospital in Mountain View, California. It allows clinical staff to reach each other far more quickly than with beepers and overhead pagers. A recent study carried out at St. Agnes Healthcare in Baltimore, Maryland, assessed the amount of time spent by clinical staff trying to get hold of each other, both before and after the installation of the Vocera system. It concluded that the badges would save the staff a total of 3,400 hours each year.Nursing staff often end up playing phone tag with doctors, which wastes valuable time, says Ms Tamer. And although people using the badges sometimes look as though they are talking to themselves, she says, many doctors prefer it because it enables them to deal with queries more efficiently. The system can also forward calls to mobile phones; it can be individually trained to ensure that it understands users with strong accents; and it can even be configured with personalized ring tones.In Iraq, soldiers will use the Vocera badges in conjunction with base-stations mounted on Humvee armored vehicles. Beyond medical and military uses, Vocera hopes to sell the technology to retailers and hotels. And the firm’s engineers are now extending the system to enable the badges to retrieve stored information, such as patient records or information about a particular drag, in response to spoken commands. Their inspiration Yet another "Star Trek" technology: the ship’s talking, ship’s computer. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. In particular, the fictional badge seems to be able to predict the future. Where would the sentence best fit().
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案例分析题Set 3The Evolution of the PhotofitSecurity technology: A new type of computerised photofit system takes a novel evolutionary approach to generating images of suspects. If you have ever tried to describe someone’s face in detail, you will understand why the "photofit" composite images used by the police look so dodgy. In recent years, computerised "E-Fit" systems have helped improve the accuracy of these images by allowing witnesses to choose from a wider range of facial features. But researchers at the University of Stirling in Scotland found that, despite these improvements, people still have a hard time constructing recognisable faces--especially if there is a delay of moreThe problem is that people tend to recoguise faces as whole entities, rather than as separate features. So picking from a range of eyes, noses and mouths is not necessarily the most suitable approach, says Charlie Frowd, a psychologist at the University of Stifling. Next year, however, British police are expected to begin trials of a new computerised system, called EvoFIT, developed by Dr. Frowd and his colleague Peter Hancock. It uses an evolutionary approach, known as a genetic algorithm, to "evolve" faces rather than piece them together."The process is entirely non-verbal and takes a fraction of the normal time," claims Dr. Frowd. A witness is shown an array of 60 different faces with random features. Having studied them closely, the witness is asked to choose the six images that most closely resemble the person they are trying to describe. These six are then used to generate another set of 60, by switching featurees between some of the images and by making random changes to others. The witness is then asked to repeat the task, whereupon a new batch of faces is generated, and so on. In evolutionary terms, this process is known as "genetic crossover and mutation", and is a powerful way to search a large number of possibilities for a particular solution. By allowing the user to steer the selection process, the program is able to generate a good likeness for the original face after just a few cycles.In one of its early versions, EvoFIT was used by police in Northampton shire who were trying to catch a violent attacker. The attacker was never caught, but the senior investigating officer, Superintendent Paul Spick, says the witness involved found the new software much quicker and easier to use than traditional E-Fit systems. It was also more accurate: the final image caused the witness visible distress when displayed. A further important advantage of EvoFIT over traditional composites is that an image can be generated even if the witness can only provide a sketchy verbal description.The researchers have since made a number of further improvements to their system and are now in the process of commercializing it in partnership with ABM, a British firm which supplies police forces with photofit, one of the leading computerized composite systems. The images are more realistic, and the system can generate three-quarter angle views of the face, which are easier to distinguish than direct frontal views, says Dr. Frowd.His team has also found that by combining the images generated by different witnesses, or even from a single witness, it is possible to get an even better likeness.This could be particularly useful when multiple witnesses come forward and the police are unsure which of the images they produce is the most accurate.In the latest version, witnesses are given a selection of face shapes to choose from before facial features are added. This makes it less likely that the correct facial features will be rejected simply because they are on the wrong-shaped face.These modifications appear to make all the difference. In recent experiments, Dr. Frowd and Dr. Hancock compared EvoFIT with the computerized systems currently in use by asking volunteers to construct an image of a face two days after seeing it, and then showing the resulting image to people who were familiar with the person depicted. With traditional composites, the person was correctly identified about 4% of the time; the figure rose to 25% with EvoFIT images.Next year ABM will perform inhouse evaluations of the system and will then team up with police forces for further trials. Although things look promising so far, two things in particular need further testing, says Leslie Bowie, ABM’s director of research. Do the EvoFIT images distract witnesses or contaminate their memories of the face they are trying to recall And while EvoFIT has performed well in the calm conditions of the laboratory, how will it cope with real-life witnesses, who are often traumatized by their experiences If it can address these two questions, EvoFIT could be the next step in the evolution of the photofit. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Another improvement has come from changing the image-selection process. Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. ()
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