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The free enterprise system has produced a technology capable of providing the American consumer with the largest and most varied marketplace in the world. Technological advances, however, have come hand-in-hand with impersonal mass marketing of goods and services. Along with progress, too, have come some instances of manipulative advertising practices and a proliferation of products whose reliability, safety and quality are difficult to evaluate. Today’s consumers buy, enjoy, use and discard more types of goods than could possibly have been imagined even a few years ago. Yet too often consumers have no idea of the materials that have gone into the manufacturer’s finished product or their own motivation in selecting one product over another. 62. Easy credit and forceful techniques of modern marketing persuade many consumers to buy what they cannot afford. The consequent overburdening of family budgets is a problem for consumers at all economic levels. It is not unusual for families to allocate 20 percent or more of their income to debt repayments witho6t understanding the effect this allocation has upon other choices. Some families have such tight budgets that an illness, a period of unemployment, or some other crisis finds them without adequate reserves. 63. In addition to the growing complexity of the market, consumers are sometimes faced with unfair and deceptive practices. Although there are laws designed to protect the consumer, there is not a sufficient number of law enforcers to cover all the abuses of the marketplace. 64. There is growing concern and awareness, too, of the disadvantage of the poor and undereducated American in the marketplace of the affluent. Families in low-income inner city and rural areas often do not have the same varieties of goods and prices available to them as their middle-income counterparts. They are more likely to be targets for fraudulent sales schemes and high cost credit than their affluent neighbors. An adult in today’s society should be knowledgeable in the use of credit. He should understand what is involved in purchasing a house, and the many pitfalls to be avoided when entering into financial agreements. 65. He should know enough about advertising and selling techniques to enable him to discern the honest from the fraudulent and deceptive. He should be knowledgeable about consumer protection laws so that he can demand his rights. When he needs help, he should know the private and public sources to which he can turn for assistance.

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Passage 1 In a breath-taking turn of events, Asia’s economies have gone from miracle to meltdown in a matter of weeks. Many forecasters who recently predicted GDP growth of 6% in South Korea and southeast Asia for 1998 are suddenly projecting zero or even negative growth. In tine often short-sighted world of international finance, a new conventional wisdom is quickly forming: that inept policy-making is dragging down Asian economies, and that only the tough austerity medicine of the International Monetary Fund, plus a good stiff recession, will bring the region’s economies back to track. In recent years, foreign and domestic investors in East Asia got a touch of what U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has famously termed irrational exuberance. Spurred by years of high economic growth in Asia, these investors poured billions of dollars of loans into the region, financing many worthwhile investments but also an unsustainable real estate boom. This over-investment need not have caused a crisis. A healthy reaction would involve a gradual cutback in foreign lending, a gradual weakening of Asia’s overvalued currencies and gradual shift of investments from over-inflated property sectors back to longterm export-oriented projects. Most short-term booms are brought down to earth without extreme crisis, and such an adjustment was the most likely scenario until the summer in 1997. In the event, Asia experienced a financial meltdown. A gradual withdrawal of funds from Thailand suddenly became a stampede. Thailand’s government dallied in responding to the overheating long after it had become apparent, and as a result squandered Thailand’s foreign exchange reserves in a misguided attempt to defend the overvalued bat. The stampede came when foreign creditors realized that Thailand had more short-term foreign debts than the remaining short-term foreign reserves. A "rational" panic began. Each investor started to dump assets simply to get out of Thailand ahead of other investors. The chain reaction of nervous withdrawals led to a meltdown that now includes most of East Asia. Confidence has been so drained that Asia’s positive "fundamentals"--historically high rates of growth, savings and exports--are being overlooked. Economies rely on confidence, and what they most need to fear is, indeed, fear itself. According to the author, in normal cases, over-investment ______.

A. can be reduced by a quick slash in foreign lending
B. does not necessarily lead to a critical stage
C. may be solved by an abrupt depreciation of currencies
D. should be shifted to boom-town real estate speculations

醇脱水是制备烯烃的常用方法之一,当分子内脱水有不止一种取向时,一般遵从______规则。

测定某旋光性物质的比旋光度时,测量管长度为100mm,样品浓度为45mg·mL-1,旋光度为+4.5°,其对映体的比旋光度为______。

Part A For questions 1 - 5, you will hear a passage. Listen and answer the questions with the information you’ve heard. Write not more than 3 words in each blank. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions below. A great crash of ______ occurred in 1929.

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