题目内容
TEXT A Like land, labor is means of production. In non-industrial societies, access to both land and labor comes through social links such as kinship, marriage, and descent. Mutual aid in production is merely one aspect of ongoing social relationships that are expressed on many other occasions. Non-industrial societies contrast with industrial nations in regard to another means of production — technology. In bands and tribes manufacturing is often linked to age and gender. Women may weave and men make pottery or vice versa. Most people of a particular age and gender share the technical knowledge associated with that age and gender. If married women customarily make baskets, most married women know how to make baskets. Neither technology nor technical knowledge is as specialized as it is in states. However, some tribal societies do promote specialization. Among the Yanomani of Benezuela and Brazil, for instance, certain villages manufacture clay pots and others make hammocks. They don’t specialize, as one might suppose, because certain raw materials happen to be available near particular village. Clay suitable for pots is widely available. Everyone knows how to make pots, but not everybody does so. Craft specialization reflects the social and political environment rather than the natural environment. Such specialization promotes trade, which is the first step in creating an alliance with enemy village. Specialization contributes to keeping the peace, although it has not prevented intervillage warfare. Among the Trobriand Islanders of the South Pacific, Malinowski found that only two out of several villages manufactured certain ceremonial items that were important in a regional exchange network called the kula ring. As among the Yanomani, this specialization was unrelated to the location of raw materials. We don’t know why this specialization began, but we do know that it persisted within the kula ring, which allied several communities and islands in a common trade network. What does the sentence "manufacturing is often linked to age and gender" mean
查看答案
搜索结果不匹配？点我反馈
更多问题
TEXT B Every year, 2,000 American lives are saved by the selflessness of others. These are the bone marrow donors who give the gift of life to patients fighting deadly diseases such as leukemia, lymphoma, and aplastic anemia. That’s the good news. The bad news is that thousands more die each year because not enough people have signed on to the registries that would help the ill find a suitable match for a transplant. Bone marrow or stem-cell transplants are usually a last resort, intended for those whose illnesses have not responded to traditional treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation. How do they work We all store a special type of cell in our bone marrow called stem cells. These primitive cells give rise to the three types of blood cells: red, white and platelets. Everyone’s stem cells have certain genetic characteristics or markers that make them unique from others. Despite this uniqueness, there are some shared characteristics between people. This is important, because a patient’s immune system will reject blood or organs received from someone else if they do not share sufficient similarities. Family members, especially siblings, are always the first to be considered as donors, because there’s a greater chance that the genetic markers on their cells will have enough in common to prevent rejection after transplantation. In many cases, however, a familial match can’t be found and then the search begins for an unrelated donor. These donors typically come from a pool of people who have already signed up on a donor registry in the event that their cells match a needy recipient. Once the lab has verified a match between donor and recipient, the next phase starts. The patient is given radiation or chemotherapy to kill the unhealthy cells. Healthy cells are harvested from the donor — either extracted from the pelvic bones or taken from the arm in a way that is similar to having blood drawn — and prepared in a laboratory. Once they’re ready, they’re given to the patient through a vein — the same way as one would receive a blood transfusion. Once these transplanted donor cells get settled within the patient’s bone marrow, they make the healthy red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets necessary to support life. One of the major problems currently faced by transplant centers is that while bonemarrow transplants can cure more than 70 different diseases, there aren’t enough donors on the registry to treat the more than 3,000 patients awaiting transplants. The National Marrow Donor Program, the largest registry in the country, has approximately 4.8 million adult volunteer donors, but that isn’t nearly enough for the thousands who need transplants. Why isn’t a pool of more than 4 million donors isn’t enough to cover 3,000 needy patients Here’s the reason: in the vast-majority of cases, finding a suitable match isn’t easy. Because we are unique individuals with a variety of ancestral backgrounds and integration patterns, finding someone similar to us is a major task. In the end, it comes down to a numbers game — the more potential donors listed on the registry, the greater a chance of finding a match, especially for those with unusual genetic characteristics. The author cited the example of 4. g million volunteer donors in America to justify ______.
The American war on drugs has gotten all the type in recent years, but alcoholism is still the nation’s most serious (36) . True, casual drinking is no longer as (37) as it once was. But alcoholism’s toll remains (38) high: Some 18 million Americans (39) alcohol, and more than 100,000 die prematurely each year from alcohol-related causes. And alcoholism costs the nation $86 billion a year. Business picks up most of the tab. Virtually every company has workers with a drinking problem, often veteran employees in (40) or other critical positions. When their alcoholism goes (41) , it costs a bundle. Problem drinkers don’t (42) their weight in the office, are often chronically late or absent, and file $4600 more in health (43) a year than other employees. Their families’ doctor bills are much higher, too. Meanwhile, the company pays full salary and benefits for an employee who is fully functional only some of the time. (44) . But now the progress against Corporate America’s biggest drug problem is being threatened. Although few companies are eliminating alcohol treatment benefits entirely, many are hiring outside vendors to manage care (45) . This is bad business. Limiting treatment may seem to save money. But the one-time expense of helping an alcoholic recover is a fraction of the long-term potential cost. (46) .
With no extra room for the new books, ___________________ (我们必须处理掉这堆旧报纸和杂志).
Many now have been breathing hot flames at our industry and so I thought it would be time to say my piece this week, after all, we in the business cannot deny that it has been a rough spring for news paper editors and reporters.’’ Ethical scandals great and small have soiled newsrooms from coast to coast. Everyone knows about the profound deceits of Jayson Blair at The New York Times, and the "Writergate" controversy involving Rick Bragg, which led to the departure of the two top editors at the paper. Other misdeeds have ranged from two reporters at The Salt Lake Tribune selling information to The National Enquirer, to a food writer for The Hartford Courant fired for plagiarizing recipes. Are newspaper standards going to pot Some say ethics are worse than ever or are they The past is filled with people running photos of wrestlers in the sports section in exchange for money. In fact, ethical breaches may be less of a problem than 20 years ago. A 1,t of newspapers are cutting corners, but the standards in the business have improved. There were things going on in the past such as reporters writing speeches for politicians they covered and taking bribes from lobbyists -- but people back then were quietly moved out or they left on their own. There was no public ’’display. The industry as a whole is in trouble because, due to media concentration, people at the top are taking out too much money and driving the profits up. The perception is that the real customers are not those who read the paper but those who buy the stock, which damages the profession. Some of this is about resource pressure. Copydesks are overloaded and there is not enough time and more reporters are having to report by phone. The larger the size of newspapers, the less communication between divisions there tends to be. Reporters don’’t climb the stairs anymore, they are highly trained people who sit in their offices and write term papers and won’’t sully themselves going to a greasy housing project or stand out in the rain for a few hours. The economics of journalism along with technological changes has created an atmosphere of trying to get enormous amounts of information as rapidly as possible. The important thing is to make sure the ownership understands the value of a news organization with integrity and every paper needs to slow down and remind ourselves that we have nothing to Sell if the readers don’’t believe us. Who are the kinds of reporters the writer seems to admire most
微信支付 
支付宝支付