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Thirst for Oil Worldwide every day, we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil. Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. In fact enough energy from the Sun hits the planet’s surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year, we just need to find an efficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at. But as supplies dwindle, this will change, and we will need to cure our addiction to oil. Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution, when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice. Coal is still used, mostly in power stations, to cover one quarter of our energy needs, but its use has been declining since we started pumping up oil. Coal is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel, but could make a comeback, as supplies are still ple.ntiful; its reserves are five times larger than oil’s. Today petroleum, a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to produce petrol, diesel oil and various other chemical substances, provides around 40% of the world’s energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles. The US consumes a quarter of all oil, and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions. The majority of oil Comes from the Middle East, which has half of known reserves. But other significant sources include Russia, North America, Norway, Venezuela and the North Sea. Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge could be a major new US source, to reduce reliance on foreign imports. Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years, though opinions and estimates vary. We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades, when demand exceeds supply. As conventional reserves become more difficult to access, others such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead. Petrol could also be obtained from coal. Since we started using fossil fuels, we have released 400 billion tons of carbon, and burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 13~C. Among other horrors, this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and tile inching of all Arctic ice. Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the author, according to the second paragraph
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2009年1～3月，全国完成房地产开发投资4880亿元，同比增长4.1%。其中，商品住宅完成投资3422亿元，同比增长3.2%，比1～2月提高2.4个百分点，比去年同期回落31.5个百分点。 1～3月，全国房地产开发企业房屋施工面积17.87亿平方米，同比增长12.7%；房屋新开工面积2.01亿平方米，同比下降16.2%，降幅比1～2月扩大1.4个百分点；房屋竣工面积9922万平方米，同比增长26.3%，增幅比1～2月回落2.7个百分点。其中，住宅竣工面积8117万平方米，增长26.9%，比1～2月回落1.6个百分点。 2009年1～4月，全国完成房地产开发投资7290亿元，同比增长4.9%。其中，商品住宅完成投资5114亿元，同比增长3.4%，比1～3月提高0.2个百分点，比去年同期回落31.8个百分点。 1～4月，全国房地产开发企业房屋施工面积20.1亿平方米，同比增长12.4%；房屋新开工面积2.78亿平方米，同比下降15.6%，降幅比1～3月缩小0.6个百分点；房屋竣工面积1.32亿平方米，同比增长27.1%，增幅比1～3月提高0.8个百分点。其中，住宅竣工面积1.09亿平方米，增长28.5%，比1～3月提高1.6个百分点。 2009年4月，全国房屋新开工面积为( )。
某C20混凝土施工配合比为：水：139kg/m3水泥：385kg/m3砂：588kg/m3石：1328kg/m3拟省去水泥配零工作量，根据每罐配三袋水泥（150kg）计，相应地用水量和骨料用量是多少?
Japanese Car Keeps Watch for Drunk Drivers A concept car developed by Japanese company Nissan has a breathalyzer-like detection system and other instruments that could help keep drunk or over tired drivers off the road. The car’s sensors check odors inside the car and monitor a driver’s sweat for traces of alcohol. An in-car computer system can issue an alert or even lock up the ignition system if the driver seems over-the-limit. The air odor sensors are fixed firmly and deeply in the driver and passenger seats, while a detector in the gear-shift knob measures perspiration from the driver’s palm. Other carmakers have developed similar detection systems. For example, Sweden’s Volvo has developed a breathalyzer attached to a car’s seat belt that drivers must blow into before the engine will start. Nissan’s new concept vehicle also includes a dashboard-mounted camera that tracks a drivers alertness by monitoring their eyes. It will sound an alarm and issue a spoken warning in Japanese or English if it judges that the driver needs to pull over and rest. The car technology is still in development, but general manager Kazuhiro Doi says the combination of different detection systems should improve the overall effectiveness of the technology. "For example, if the gear-shift sensor was bypassed by a passenger using it instead of the driver, the facial recognition system would still be used," Doi says. Nissan has no specific timetable for marketing the system, but aims to use technology to cut the number of fatalities involving its vehicles to half 1995 levels by 2015. The car’s seat belt can also tighten if drowsiness is detected, while an external camera checks that the car is keeping to its lane properly. However, Doi admits that some of the technology, such as the alcohol odor sensor, should be improved. "If you drink one beer, it’s going to register, so we need to study what’s the appropriate level for the system to activate," he says. In the UK, some research groups are using similar advanced techniques to understand driver behavior and the effectiveness of different road designs. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Japanese concept care
A Sunshade for the Planet Even with the best will in the world, reducing our carbon emissions is not going to prevent global wanning. It has become clear that even if we take the strongest measures to control emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time, resistance by governments and special interest groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be implemented soon enough. Fortunately, if the worst comes to the worst, scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now, that is, a growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at large-scale "geo-engineering" projects that might be used to counteract global wanning. "I use the analogy of methadone," says Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global warming. "If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin. " Basically the idea is to apply "sunscreen" to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth; launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun’s rays. It’s controversial, but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8 per cent of the incident energy in the sun’s rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That could be crucial, because even the most severe emissions-control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more. What does Stephen Schneider say about a heroin addict and methadone
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