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Prices on the New York stock exchange have suffered one of their biggest falls ever. In a sudden and unexpected development, the Dow-Jones Index fell by just over 140 points, or about 7%. It was the 3rd largest fall in the history of Wall Street. Most of it came in the last hour of trading. Before then, the stock exchange had been showing only minor losses. A BBC correspondent in New York says that the strong selling of American government bonds early in the day is believed to have been one reason for the fall. But he says there were other reasons. These included a belief that next week’s American trade figures would be bad and fears that interest rates would not decreased. The market was also affected by worries that the federal budget deficit would be higher than expected. Coinciding with a fall in prices on Wall Street, a presidential commission has sent a report to the White House on the stock market’s biggest ever crash on October 19 last year when the Dow-Jones Index fell by 508 points. The commission has made numerous proposals to regulate stock exchange trading. These include limits on the dally price movements of shares. The commission also wants a new high-level body to oversee the American financial markets and close them ff necessary when trading is in danger of going out of control. In a sudden and unexpected development, the Dow-Jones Index fell by __________________________6Among other deeper masons for the fall is a belief that next week’s American trade figures _7On October 19th last year, prices on the New York stock exchange suffered their 8The commission has made numberous proposals to regulate_9The commission also wants a new high-level body to control America____10 10().

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Prices on the New York stock exchange have suffered one of their biggest falls ever. In a sudden and unexpected development, the Dow-Jones Index fell by just over 140 points, or about 7%. It was the 3rd largest fall in the history of Wall Street. Most of it came in the last hour of trading. Before then, the stock exchange had been showing only minor losses. A BBC correspondent in New York says that the strong selling of American government bonds early in the day is believed to have been one reason for the fall. But he says there were other reasons. These included a belief that next week’s American trade figures would be bad and fears that interest rates would not decreased. The market was also affected by worries that the federal budget deficit would be higher than expected. Coinciding with a fall in prices on Wall Street, a presidential commission has sent a report to the White House on the stock market’s biggest ever crash on October 19 last year when the Dow-Jones Index fell by 508 points. The commission has made numerous proposals to regulate stock exchange trading. These include limits on the dally price movements of shares. The commission also wants a new high-level body to oversee the American financial markets and close them ff necessary when trading is in danger of going out of control. In a sudden and unexpected development, the Dow-Jones Index fell by __________________________6Among other deeper masons for the fall is a belief that next week’s American trade figures _7On October 19th last year, prices on the New York stock exchange suffered their 8The commission has made numberous proposals to regulate_9The commission also wants a new high-level body to control America____10 8().

It can be inferred from the article that pricing is not enough for an enterprise to compete in the international market.

44. The Single long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun, pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-old Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success. As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. 45. This isn’t the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe’s new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. 46. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyles, observes French sociologist, Jean-Claude Kaufmanns, is part of the "irresistible momentum of individualism" over the last century. 47. The communications revolution, the shift from a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans’ private lives. More and more of them are remaining on their own: they’re living longer, divorcing more and marrying later—if at all. British marriage rates are the lowest in 160 years of records. INSEE, France’s National Institute of Statistics, reports that the number of French people living alone doubled between 1968 and 1990. Europe’s new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence. 48. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe’s shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today’s tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics. Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. A recent poll by the Institute Francois Dominion Publique, the French affiliate of the Gallup poll, found that 58 percent of French respondents viewed living alone as a choice, not an obligation. Other European singles agree. "I’ve always wanted to be free to go on adventures," says Iris Expender, who lives by herself in Berlin.

Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology (病因学) is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development. Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices. Two such answers have arisen. Firstly, cereal fermentation is used for reducing the risk of contamination under the existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in many households. Secondly, a tiny amount of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density. A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的) bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since the early 1900’s—have been indicated in a number of studies. In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cereal-based porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in the form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate. What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of antimicrobial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated. Whatever the underlying mechanisms, the fact is that the exercise reduces contamination without adding to the household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast (酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to the child. Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on the use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.Directions: The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter (T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Directions: Below is a summary of some of the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box below according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. A porridge H storage life B malnutrition I sprouted grains C fermentation J inadequate food intake D new technology K acidity E contaminated food L unfermented food F diarrhoeal germs M weaning G traditional food N dough Malnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (18) but also from infections caused by contaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (19) . Both of these methods are, or were, used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive. Fermented foods have higher (20) and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (21) is increased. Fermentation occurs when (22) is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. There is, however, a trend away from this (23) to commercial products.