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八大山人①者，故前明宗室，为诸生，世居南昌。弱冠遭变，弃家遁奉新山中，剃发为僧。不数年，竖拂称宗师。住山二十年，从学者常百余人。临川令胡君亦堂闻其名，延之官舍。年余，竞忽忽不自得，遂发狂疾，忽大笑，忽痛哭竞日。一夕，裂其浮屠服，焚之，走还会城。独自徜徉市肆间，常戴布帽，曳长领袍，履穿踵决，拂袖翩跹行。市中儿随观哗笑，人莫识也。其侄某识之，留止其家。久之疾良已。山人工书法，行楷学大令、鲁公，能自成家；狂草颇怪伟。亦喜画水墨芭蕉、怪石、花竹及芦雁、汀凫，倚然无画家町畦②。人得之，争藏弃③以为重。饮酒不能尽二升，然喜饮。贫士或市人屠沽邀山人饮，辄往；往饮，辄醉。醉后墨渖淋漓，亦不甚爱惜。数往来城外僧舍，雏僧争嬲④之索画；至牵袂捉衿，山人不拒也。士友或馈遗之，亦不辞。然贵显人欲以数金易一石，不可得；或持绫绢至，直受之曰：“吾以作袜材。”以故贵显人求山人书画，乃反从贫士、山僧、屠沽儿购之。一日，忽大书“哑”字署其门，自是对人不交一言，然善笑而喜饮益甚。或招之饮，则缩项抚掌，笑声哑哑然。又喜为藏钩拇阵之戏，赌酒胜则笑哑哑，数负则拳胜者背，笑愈哑哑不可止，醉则往往欷歔泣下。予客南昌，雅慕山人，属北竺澹公期山人就寺相见，至日大风雨，予意山人必不出。顷之，澹公持寸札曰：“山人侵早已至。”予惊喜趣乎笋舆，冒雨行相见，握手熟视大笑。夜宿寺中剪烛谈，山人痒不自禁，辄作手语势。已乃索笔书几上相酬答，烛见跋⑤不倦。赞曰：世多知山人，然竞无知山人者。山人胸次汩津郁结，别有不能自解之故，如巨石窒泉，如湿絮之遏火，无可如何，乃忽狂忽喑，隐约玩世，而或者目之曰狂士、曰高人，浅之乎知山人也!哀哉!(节选自《八大山人传》)[注] ①八大山人：明末清初著名画家朱耷晚年的自号。② 翛(xiāo)然无画家町畦：自由自在不受画家规矩的约束。③弆(jǔ)：收藏。④嬲(niǎo)：纠缠。⑤跋：通“茇”，蜡烛根。 把文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语。履穿踵决，拂袖翩跹行。
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Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. (61)Under modern coditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. (62) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn tests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.(63) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, (64)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization--with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed--was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. (65) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements--themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
案例分析题The Culture Debate in the US:Whose Culture Is This ,Anyway美国的文化辩论：空间是谁的文化？Part of the debate about culture revolves around issues of perspective and ownership. Within a nation such (1) the United States—a nation whose cultural heritage includes elements from every corner of the world (2) are a great many perspectives coexisting and intertwining in the cultural fabriC．When we all ask (3) as individuals, "what belongs to me, to my culture" we are rewarded with a spectacular variety of (4) ; in this way, different perspectives and ownership of different cultural traditions enriches everyone. But when we ask " (5) belongs to us, to our culture" we ask a much harder question. Do the people of the (6) States, or of any culturally complex human society, necessarily share common cultural elements If so, who gets (7) decide what those elements areThis debate is a crucial one in many cultures throughout the world (8) . In the US, the debate promises to impact the way we educate our children—that is, (9) manner and shape in which culture reproduces itself—and the way we write our laws. In (10) countries, equally crucial issues are at stake.For many people, what is at stake is the character (11) US national identity. Hirsch argues that this identity needs to become less culturally fragmented; others, like Walker, (12) that the national character gets its strength from cultural diversity, from the freedom (at home and in (13) ) to celebrate, honor, and reproduce different cultural traditions. Those who take this latter view follow the reasoning (14) Shweder, arguing that we need to accept that there are multiple valid cultural perspectives and that two (15) perspectives can both be valid even though they might contradict one another.Recognize that the position you (16) in this debate about culture—whatever position you take—is a political one with implications (17) what we should value, what we should praise, what we should accept, what we should teach. When (18) reflect on this debate, when you contribute your own voice to the discussion, try to be (19) of the implications that follow from your position. When you listen to the voices of others, try to (20) with awareness, deciding for yourself what is at stake and how their positions relate to your own. （18）处填入（）
案例分析题A Recent Erymology of the Word "Culture"“文化”一词的新词源Look in an old dictionary—say, a pre-1960 Webster’s—and you’ll likely find a definition of culture (1) looks something like this: "1．The cultivation of soil. 2．The raising, improvement, or development of some plant, animal (2) product. " This use of the word has its roots in the ancient Latin word cultura, "cultivation" or "tending," and (3) entrance into the English language had begun by the year 1430. By the time the Webster’s definition above was (4) , another definition had begun to take precedence over the old Latin denotation; culture was coming to mean "the training, (5) , and refinement of mind, tastes, and manners" (Oxford English Dictionary). The OED traces this definition, which today we associate (6) the phrase "high culture," back as far as 1805; by the middle of the 20th century, it was (7) becoming the word’s primary definition.However, if you try a more modem source, like the American Heritage English Dictionary, (8) find a primary definition of culture which is substantially different than either of the two given above: "The totality (9) socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. " Why such a (10) , and in such a (relatively) short period of time Well, in the past 40 years, the use of the (11) "culture" has been heavily influenced by the academic fields of sociology and cultural anthropology. These fields have gradually brought (12) was once a minor definition of culture (the last of eight definitions given in the old 1958 Webster’s quoted (13) into the mainstream.It is easy to imagine how the US society which was so focused on "socially transmitted (14) patterns" in the sixties would come to need a word to describe the object of its interest. The civil (15) movement during this era brought everyone’s attention to bear on cultural differences within US society, while the Vietnam War (16) to emphasize the position of the US culture in relation to other world cultures.Over time, these new uses (17) the word culture have eclipsed its older meanings, those associated with cultivation of the land and the production of (18) . You might say that an aspect of US culture over the past 40 years is its fascination with the (19) of culture itself—a fascination which has brought about many changes in the way we speak and the (20) of words which we commonly use. （12）处填入（）
如果二氧化碳气体超量产生，就会在大气层中聚集，使全球气候出现令人讨厌的温室效应。在绿色植被覆盖的地方，特别是在森林中，通过光合作用，绿色植物吸收空气中的二氧化碳，放出氧气。因此，从这个意义上，绿色植被特别是森林的破坏，就意味着在“生产”二氧化碳。工厂中对由植物生成的燃料的耗用产生了大量的二氧化碳气体，这些燃料包括木材、煤和石油。 上述断定最能支持以下哪项结论
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