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Why work (62) you have periodically asked yourself the same question, perhaps focused on (63) you have to work. Selfinterest in its broadest (64) including the interests of family and friends, is a basic (65) for work in all societies. But self-interest can (66) more than providing for subsistence or (67) wealth. For instance, among the Maori, a Polynesian people of the South Pacific, a desire for approval, a sense of duty, a wish to (68) to custom and tradition, a feeling of emulation(竞争), and a pleasure in craftsmanship are (69) reasons for working. Even within the United States, we cannot understand work as simply a response to (70) necessity. Studies show that ’the vast (71) of Americans would continue to work even if they inherited enough money to live comfortably. When people work, they gain a (72) place in society. The fact that they receive pay for their work indicates that (73) they do is needed by other people and that they are a necessary part of the social (74) . Work is also a major social mechanism for (75) people in the larger social structure and (76) providing them with identities. In the United States, it is a blunt and (77) public fact that to do nothing is to be nothing and to do little is to be little. Work is commonly seen as the measure of an individual. Sociologist Melvin L. Kohn and his associates have shown some of the ways work affects our lives. (78) , people who engage in selfdirected work come to (79) self-direction more highly, to be more open to new ideas and to be less authoritarian in their relationships with others. (80) , they develop self-conceptions consistent with these values, and as parents they pass these characteristics on to their children. Our work, then, is an important (81) experience that influences who and what we are.
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第二篇 Will Quality Eat up the US Lead in Software If US software companies don’t pay more attention to quality, they could kiss their business good-bye. Both India and Brazil are developing a world-class software industry. Their weapon is quality and one of their jobs is to attract the top US quality specialists whose voices are not listened to in their country. AIready, of the world’s 12 software houses that have earned the highest rating in the world, seven are in India. That’s largely because they have used new methodologies rejected by American software specialists. For example, for decades, quality specialists, W. Edwards Deming and J. M.Juran had urged US software companies to change their attitudes to quality. But their quality call mainly fell on deaf ears in the US — but not in Japan. By the 1970s and 1980s, Japan was grabbing market share with better, cheaper products. They used Deming’s and Juran’s ideas to bring down the cost of good quality to as little as 5% of total production costs. In US factories, the cost of quality then was 10 times as high: 50%. In software, it still is. Watts S. Humphrey spent 27 years at IBM heading up software production and then quality assurance. But his advice was seldom paid attention to. He retired from IBM in 1986. In 1987, he worked out a system for assessing and improving software quality. It has proved its value time and again. For example, in 1990 the cost of quality at Raytheon Electronics Systems was almost 60% of total software production costs. It tell to 15% in 1996 and has since further dropped to below 10%. Like Deming and Juran, Humphrey seems to be winning more praises overseas than at home. The Indian government and several companies have just founded the Watts Humphrey Software Quality Institute at the Software Technology Park in Chennai, India. Let’s hope that US lead in software will not be eaten up by its quality problems. What does the founding of the Watts Humphrey Software Quality Institute symbolize
PART ONE · You will hear an introduction of a training programme called Effective Communications，and part of a lecture on how to be successfulin interviews． · As you listen，for questions 1-12，complete the notes，using up to three words or a number． · You will hear the recording twice．THE EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS TRAlNlNG PROGRAMME LECTURE NOTES： Arrangements for participants 1．The training will take place over ______． 2．The programme is organized by ______. 3．The title of today’s session is ______． 4．All the lectures will be given in ______． Speaker Dr．Graham 5．Dr. Graham has advised many ______． 6．The name of his consultancy is ______． 7．He is the author of ______． 8．In North America，he is best-known for ______． Preparations for the interviews 9．First，a ______ of the company is necessary． 10．Second，make a list of ______ you can offer the organization． 11．Then，try to ______ the frequently asked questions and get prepared. 12．Last，trust the saying ______．
· Read the articie below about a financial plan Of the IMF。 · In most of the lines 41-52 there is one extra word．It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text．Some lines，however，are correct． · If a line is correct，write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet． · If there is an extra word in the line，write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet．The IMF launches a financiaI rescue plan for itseIf 41．generating enough income to cover up its $1 billion budget．By 2010 its deficit will 42．be about $ 400m each a year．It has enough reserves to tide it over．But ultimately it 43．needs its own financial rescue plan．That is why，on April 7th，the fund’s board have 44．agreed to cut costs and boost income．A quarter of the gap will be plugged 45．by cutting costs，which including 380 jobs(or 15%of the total)．The rest will come 46．from new income source&It wants to sell out 12.5%of its vast gold stocks， 47．which almounts to 403.3 tonnes．Using a(conservative)price to estimate of $ 850 48．an ounce，the fund reckons such a sale would raise about $ 11 billion．In order to 49．avoid upsetting the gold market，it would be done over the several years．The fund 50 also wants to broaden its investment of strategy．At present it may invest its reserves 51 not only in government bonds．In future．it hopes to boost returns by half a percentage 52 point every year by broadening its portfolio to include Corporate bonds and shares．
某港口的码头工程，在施工设计图纸没有完成前，业主通过招标选择了一家总承包单位承包该工程的施工任务。由于设计工作尚未完成，承包范围内待实施的工程虽性质明确，但工程量还难以确定，双方商定拟采用总价合同形式签订施工合同，以减少双方的风险施工合同签订前，业主委托了一家监理单位拟协助业主签订施工合同和进行施工阶段监理，监理工程师查看了业主(甲方)和施工单位(乙方)草拟的施工合同条件，发现合同中有以下一些条款： 1．乙方按监理工程师批准的施工组织设计(或施工方案)组织施工，乙方不应承担因此引起的工期延误和费用增加的责任。 2．甲方向乙方提供施工场地的工程地质和地下主要管网线路资料，供乙方参考使用。 3．乙方不能将工程转包，但允许分包，也允许分包单位将分包的工程再次分包给其他施工单位。 4．监理工程师应当对乙方提交的施工组织设计进行审批或提出修改意见。 5．无论监理工程师是否参加隐蔽工程的验收，当其提出对已经隐蔽的工程重新检验的要求时，乙方应按要求进行剥露，并在检验合格后重新进行履盖或者修复。检验如果合格，甲方承担由此发生的经济支出，赔偿乙方的损失并相应顺延工期。检验如果不合格，乙方则应承担发生的费用，工期不应顺延。 6．乙方按协议条款约定时间应向监理工程师提交实际完成工程量的报告。监理工程师在接到报告3天内按乙方提供的实际完成的工程量报告核实工程量(计量)，并在计量24小时前通知乙方。
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