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Throughout history and through a cross-section of cultures, women have transformed their appearance to conform to a beauty ideal. American and European women lived in the 1800s cinched in their waists so tightly that some suffered internal damage. The North American ideal of beauty has continually focused on women’s bodies: the tiny waist of the Victorian period, and the voluptuous curves that were the measure of beauty between the 1930s and 1950s. (1) However, this relentless pursuit of thinness is not just an example of women trying to look their best; it is also a struggle for control, acceptance and success. (2) One of the negative psychological side effects associated with eating disorders is the patient’s distortion of their own body image, body image being defined as the picture a person has in his mind of his own body, that is, the way his body appears to him. Many women who are caught up in the relentless pursuit of thinness also experience some degree of disturbed body image. (3) (4) . Women with perfectly normal bodies see themselves as being heavy; so that the definition of "normal" becomes inaccurate and this perceived normalcy is represented by a very small percentage of women. It follows that if body image is so closely linked to self-image, it is important for women to learn to feel comfortable with the body they live in, despite any "imperfections". (5) . Advertising is a major vehicle for presenting images and forming attitudes. The majority of ads incorporate young, beautiful, slender models to present their products and services. While individual ads may not be seen as a big issue, it is the cumulative, unconscious impact that has an effect on attitudes toward women, and in women’s attitudes toward themselves. As women are consistently exposed to these feminine forms through both print and television, it becomes difficult to distinguish what is normal, and even more difficult not to compare themselves to this form. A. The experiences and practices of women who "simply diet" are not radically different from those who are diagnosed with eating disorders. For some women, achieving the "perfect" body form becomes the most important goal in life. B. Current standards emphasize a toned, slender look, one that exudes fitness, youth, and health. According to psychologist Eva Szekely, "Having to be attractive at this time means unequivocally having to be thin. In North America today, thinness is a precondition for being perceived by others and oneself as healthy". C. The images that are presented in advertising are designed to create an illusion, a fantasy ideal that will keep women continually consuming. Advertisers are well aware of the insecurities that most women feel about their own bodies. D. So why during this process of development so many women become dissatisfied, self-critical, and judgmental about their own bodies One of the reasons may have to do with the media and various forms of advertising. Ads sell more than just products; they present an idea of normalcy, who we are and who we should be. E. While women continue to struggle for equality on an economic scale and within their relationships, they still maintain control over their own bodies. It is important that women begin to accept themselves for who they are, regardless of their body type, and to feel comfortable with the body they live in. F. In attempting to mould their appearance to meet the current ideal, numerous women are literally starving themselves to death. The incidence of eating disorders has doubled during the last two decades. This increase is no longer limited to women in their teens and twenties, but is increasingly diagnosed in patients in their thirties and forties. G. Feelings about body are closely related to a woman’s sense of self; the body is perceived as acceptable or unacceptable, providing a foundation for self-concept. It is alarming, then, that almost 80% of women think they’re overweight. Body image has very little to do with the way a person actually looks; many women who appear to fit the ideal body type are actually dissatisfied with their appearance.

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Curiously, for a publication called a newspaper, no one has ever coined a standard definition of news. But for the most part, news usually falls under one broad classification the abnormal. It is human folly, mechanical failures and natural disasters that often "make the news". (1) . Occasionally, a reporter will go to jail rather than reveal the name of a confidential source for a news story. American newspapers proudly consider themselves the fourth branch of government—the watchdog branch that exposes legislative, executive and judicial misbehavior. (2) . Others are called "general assignment reporters", which means they are on call for a variety of stories such as accidents, civil events and human-interest stories. Depending on a newspaper’s needs during the daily news cycle, seasoned reporters easily shift between beat and general-assignment work. (New reporters once were called cubs, but the term is no longer used.) (3) . They are our chroniclers of daily life, sorting, sifting and bringing a sense of order to a disorderly world. (4) . Other editors—sports, photo, state, national, features and obituary, for example— may also report to the managing editor. (5) Once the city or metro editor has finished editing a reporter’s raw copy, the story moves from the composition system via the computer network to another part of the news division—the copy desk. Here, copy editors check for spelling and other errors of usage. They may also look for "holes" in the story that would confuse readers or leave their questions unanswered. If necessary, copy editors may check facts in the newspaper’s library, which maintains a large collection of reference books, microfilm and online copies of stories that have appeared in the paper. A. All reporters are ultimately responsible to an editor. Depending on its size, a newspaper may have numerous editors, beginning with an executive editor responsible for the news division. Immediately below the executive editor is the managing editor, the person who oversees the day-to-day work of the news division. B. Reporters are a newspaper’s front-line eyes and ears. Reporters glean information from many sources, some public, such as police records, and others private, such as a government informant. C. Newspapers are increasingly doing this work, called pagination, with personal computers using software available at any office supply store. Microsoft Windows, Word and Quark Express are three programs that, though not designed for newspaper production, are easily adapted for it. D. However, the best known and in some ways the most crucial editor is the city or metro editor. This is the editor that reporters work for directly. The city or metro editor assigns stories, enforces deadlines and is the first to see reporters’ raw copy on the composition system or computer network. These editors are called gatekeepers, because they control much of what will and will not appear in the next day’s paper. E. Before we see what happens to the electronic pages built by the copy desk, it will be helpful to understand how other divisions of the newspapers contribute to the production cycle. F. Some reporters are assigned to beats, or an area of coverage, such as the courts, city hall, education, business, medicine and so forth. G. In the movies, reporters have exciting, frenzied and dangerous jobs as they live a famous pronouncement of the newspaper business: Comfort the afflicted and afflict the comfortable. Although a few members of the media have been killed as a result of investigations into wrongdoing, newspaper work for the great majority of reporters is routine.

Certain activist lawyers have grabbed headlines recently in their campaign to grant legal rights, first, to chimpanzees and then to other animals. (1) . Proponents of animal rights build their case with these arguments: (1) certain animals share qualities of consciousness that have heretofore been seen as uniquely human; (2) animals are: brutalized in research; (3) research with animals has been made obsolete by computers and other technologies. (2) . Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, there is no substitute for animal research to understand biological processes that affect a living organism. Think of it this way: Why use costly animals if equally useful non-animal research tools were available (3) . With every medical breakthrough of the past century the direct result of animal-based research, such research is not only ethical, but is our obligation. (4) . Philosopher Peter Singer first made the argument that some animals ought to count as "persons", whereas mentally defective humans should not and that the lives of healthy animals ought to be weighed equally with human beings. Singer says parents of a newborn with Down’s syndrome would be justified in ending her life to make room in their lives for a baby with normal intelligence. Recall, though, that Nazi Germany used the same kind of personhood criterion to justify killing the physically and mentally handicapped. (5) . Animals are not little persons: The necessity of distinguishing between a person and animal strikes at the heart of the dilemma faced by a scientist who is very fond of animals, yet who uses them in research. I have come to realize the obvious: We decide what animals are to be in relation to us. I adore my cat, Buster, but I also used members of his species in my research for years. A. They believe that these animals deserve legal protection, including an end to their use as subjects of medical research. As a research scientist who for 40 years has used animals in sleep studies, I am deeply concerned. B. We have a great obligation to the animals under our control: We have a moral responsibility to care for animals and should not treat them cruelly. And we scientists are obligated to perform critical experiments as skillfully and humanely as possible. C. All human beings are persons: This is obvious to most—but not to some in the animal rights movement. D. While perhaps superficially credible, these assertions are simplistic and, in my view, simply wrong. First, limited similarities of consciousness are not sufficient grounds to make the important leap of granting legal personhood to animals. Secondly, scientists have every reason to treat animals humanely because good science depends on healthy animals. E. Our first obligation is to our fellow humans: As a biologist, I say that the most powerful imperative for the use of animals in research is that of survival, of protecting kin and, by extension, other persons from conquerable disease and untimely death. Viewed this way, scientists’ work seems no different from a mother eagle’s dismembering prey to feed her babies. F. Granting "personhood" to animal species deemed to share qualities with us, such as cognition, autonomy and self-awareness, is not a benign campaign to protect animals. It is an effort to use the legal system as a tool to enforce a flawed ethic concerning the relationship between humanity and the animal world. G. We would be foolish, at best, to ignore the realities of Nature and the power of natural impulses for survival.

The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar "tombstone" that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the "functional" resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview. It’s handy to have a "tombstone" for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested "tombstone" lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead. What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers. 1. Put yourself first: In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself. 2. Sell what you can do, not who you are: Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work. Toot your own horn! Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it. 3. Be specific, be concrete, and be brief! Remember that "brevity is the best policy." 4. Turn bad news into good: Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side. 5. Never apologize: If you’re retuming to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience. Don’t apologize for working at being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education. The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’re ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When you’re satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right. Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for you A. A woman who lost her job as a teacher’s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: "Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher’s aide she would rehire if government funds became available." B. One resume I received included the following: Invited by my superior to straighten out our organization’s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 percent. Rewarded with raise and promotion. Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward—all in 34 words. C. For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills. D. An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement "Ready to learn though not so well educated." E. One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote three resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background. F. A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She’d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn’t in her resume. She answered, "It wasn’t important." What she was really saying of course was "I’m not important.\

After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel became a very rich man. However, he foresaw its universally destructive powers too late. Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite, so in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contributions to mankind. Originally there were five awards: literature, physics, chemistry, medicine and peace. Economics was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the first awards ceremony.Nobel’s original legacy of nine million dollars was invested, and the interest on this sum is used for the awards which vary from 30,000 to 125,000.Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death, the awards(gold medal, illuminated diploma and money) are presented to the winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role in the judge’s decisions. Americans have won numerous science awards, but relatively few literature prizes.No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War Ⅱ. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes. In how many fields are prizes bestowed（）

A. 2.
B. 5.
C. 6.
D. 10.