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Until men invented ways of staying underwater for more than a few minutes, the wonders of the world below the surface of the sea were almost unknown. The main problem, of course, lies in air. How could air be provided to swimmers below the surface’ of the sea Pictures made about 2,900 years ago in Asia show men swimming under the surface with air bags tied to their bodies. A pipe from the bag carried air into the swimmer’s mouth. But little progress was achieved in the invention of diving devices until about 1490, when the famous Italian painter, Leonardo da Vinci, designed a complete diving suit.In 1680, an Italian professor invented a large air bag with a glass window to be worn over the diver’s head. To "clean" the air a breathing pipe went from. the air bag, through another bag to remove moisture, and then again to the large air bag. The plan did not work, but it gave later inventors the idea of moving air around in diving devices.In 1819, a German, Augustus Siebe, developed a way of forcing air into the head-cover-ing by a machine operated above the water. At last in 1837, he invented the "hard-hat suit" which was to be used for nearly a century. It had a metal covering for the head an air pipe attached to a machine above the water. It also had small openings to remove unwanted air. But there were two dangers to the diver inside the "hard-hat suit". One was the sudden rise to the surface, caused by a too great supply of air. The other was the crushing of the body, caused by a sudden diving into deep water. The sudden rise to the surface could kill the diver; a sudden dive could force his body up into the helmet, which could also result in death.Gradually the "hard-hat suit" was improved so that the diver could be given a constant supply of air. The diver could then move around under the ocean without worrying about the air supply.During the 1940s diving underwater without a special suit became popular. Instead, divers used a breathing device and a small covering made of rubber and glass over parts of the face. To improve the swimmer’s speed another new invention was used: a piece of rubber beathing pipes made it possible for divers to float on the water, observing the marine life underneath them. A special rubber suit enabled them to be in cold water for long periods, collecting specimens of animal and vegetable life that had never been obtained in the past.The most important advance, however, was the invention of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, which is called a "scuba".Invented by two Frenchmen, Jacques Cousteau and Emile Gagngn, the scuba consists of a mouthpiece joined to one or two tanks of compressed air which are attached to the diver’s back. The scuba makes it possible for a diver-scientist to work 200 feet underwater or even deeper for several hours. As a result, scientists can now move around freely at great depths, learning a- bout the wonders of the sea. The word" scuba" is ().
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For a child, happiness has a magical nature. I remember making hide-outs in newly-cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved.In the teenage years the concept of happiness. Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement, love. popularity and whether that zit will clear up before night. I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall, the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-a- like.66. ______My dictionary defines happy as "luck" or "fortunate", but I think a better definition of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment ". The more we can appreciate what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy to we please, even good health.67.______Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure—intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants can bring me joy.You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what made them happy, some mentioned apparently insignificant moments. "I hate shopping," one friend said, "But there’s a clerk who always chats and really cheers me up."68. ______I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let the school bus turn onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in the world of mad mo- toasts. It made me smile.69. ______Psychologists tell that to be happy we need a mixture of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had none of either. She did have a network of close friends and families, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. ff she was content with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn’t expect life to be very different.70. ______While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn’t about what comes to us—it’s about how we perceive what comes to us. It’s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It’s not wishing for what we haven’t had, but enjoying what we do possess.A. Another friend loves the telephone. "Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking a- bout me."B. When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight—and those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get.C. In adulthood things that bring profound joy—birth, love, marriage—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn’t always, good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated.D. We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have changed happiness into one more thing we "gotta have". We’re so self-con- scious about our "right" to it that it’s making us miserable. So we’ chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier.E. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bless when I shut the last lunch box and had the house for myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came back home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the whole day.F. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register them as happiness. 67().
For a child, happiness has a magical nature. I remember making hide-outs in newly-cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved.In the teenage years the concept of happiness. Suddenly it’s conditional on such things as excitement, love. popularity and whether that zit will clear up before night. I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall, the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-a- like.66. ______My dictionary defines happy as "luck" or "fortunate", but I think a better definition of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment ". The more we can appreciate what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy to we please, even good health.67.______Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure—intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants can bring me joy.You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what made them happy, some mentioned apparently insignificant moments. "I hate shopping," one friend said, "But there’s a clerk who always chats and really cheers me up."68. ______I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let the school bus turn onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in the world of mad mo- toasts. It made me smile.69. ______Psychologists tell that to be happy we need a mixture of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had none of either. She did have a network of close friends and families, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. ff she was content with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn’t expect life to be very different.70. ______While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn’t about what comes to us—it’s about how we perceive what comes to us. It’s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It’s not wishing for what we haven’t had, but enjoying what we do possess.A. Another friend loves the telephone. "Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking a- bout me."B. When we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight—and those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get.C. In adulthood things that bring profound joy—birth, love, marriage—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn’t always, good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated.D. We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have changed happiness into one more thing we "gotta have". We’re so self-con- scious about our "right" to it that it’s making us miserable. So we’ chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier.E. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bless when I shut the last lunch box and had the house for myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came back home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the whole day.F. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register them as happiness. 66().
Many years ago a small elegant sailing boat was making its way slowly under an intense blue Mediterranean sky between the Greek islands of Ikaria and Naxos. The bow, that is, the forward part of the boat, was carved like a fish, or perhaps it was like a dolphin. The sail hung and fluttered in a faint wind and the sailors bent their brown backs over the oars. But all was not as peaceful as it seemed, for these sailors were planning to sell their passenger into slavery. He was obviously wellborn and rich, but what the villainous crew did not realize was that he was Dionysos, the Greeek God of Wine and Frenzy. When Dionysos realized their treachery he began to confound the sailors with magic: he turned their oars into snakes and filled the ship with vines and the sounds of flutes. The terrfied sailors dived into the sea to escape this madness and were transformed into dolphins by Nep-ture, the God of the Sea. Thus, according to Greek legend, dolphins were originally men, and this explains the friendship felt between man and these animals. This legend can be seen depictied on the Diony-sos cup which is still intact although it was made 540 years before the birth of Christ. Indeed, dolphins freqently appear in Greek legends and art, being found on walls and mosaic floors, on coins and statues. Poseidon, for example, was usually shown with dolphins, which often drew his seachariot, and it was he, according to legend, who put the dolphin constellation, in the sky where it can be seen in July. He did this out of gratitude to the dolphins for finding him his bride, Amphitrite, who was hiding from him in a sea cave. Later he had further reasons for gratitude to the dolphins since they rescued his son, Taras, from drowning. To the Greeks, and to the people of the Mediterranean lands where Greek culture spread, the dolphin became a symbol of swiftness, diligence and love. It became a god of protection for voyagers on sea and land, and also for those voyaging into the after life, so that the dead were buried with dolphin tokens in their hands. In addition to the legends about dolphin there are a number of stories in Greek writings which are prebablly at least partially true. These stories, told by many people including Aristotle, are the ones that came into such bad repute in the last century. But their stories of dolphins befriending children whom they allowed to ride on their backs, and of life-saying rescues, and human bodies brought to shore by dolphins have been paralleled so accurately, during this century, that we can no longer write off the Greek stories as merely sentimental fables. Let us look at the stories of rescue first. Taras, the son of the seagod, has already been mentioned, and Telemachos, son of the most famous adventurer of all time, Odysseus, is said to have been rescued in the same way, and for that reason Odysseus had a dolphin emblazoned on his shield and ring. Arion, a famous poet, musician and singer of his day, who was born on the island of Lesbos in 600 B. C., no doubt knew of these rescues and the legend of Dionysos and the dolphins. Perhaps he merely put them together to make a poem to sing as he accompanied himself on the harp. Certainly his dolphin story bears a striking resemblance to the Dionysos legend, but, who knows, it may be true. Here is the story. Arion, after a successful tour of Italy and Sicily, and loaded with money and prizes, took a ship for Corinth. He chose a corinthian ship rather than an Italian one for he trusted the Corinthians more. But evidently sailors were an untrustworthy lot, for very soon they were plotting to kill him and keep his treasures. Arion begged for his life, but they told him that he must either jump overboard or die by his own sword if he wished for a proper burial ashore. As a last favour, Arian pleaded to be allowed to sing, and, dressing himself in all his splendid clothes and weighed down in his riches, he stood in the stern and sang them the "Orthian", a high- pitched song addressed to the gods, and as he finished he leapt fully clothed in the sea. A dolphin, perhaps attracted by the shrill sounds, took Arian on its back and swam with him to Tainaron at the southern most tip of the Greek mainland. From there Arion made his way overland to Corinth to confront and bring to justice the greedy sailors. As a thank-coffering he placed a small bronze statue of a man on a dolphin in the temple at Tainaron where it was seen 700 years later by Pausanias, the Greek historian. What kind of stories about dolphins and man appear in Greek legend most
W: I hope I’m not interrupting your work, Paul. You must be very busy at this time of the day. M: Not at all. Come in, Come in, Mrs. Finch. I’m just tasting a few of the dishes we’ll be serving this rooming. W: That looks interesting. What exactly is it M: That one is fish—in a special sauce. One of my new creations, actually. W: I’m looking forward to trying it.M: I do hope you’ve enjoyed your stay with us. W: Very much, indeed. We both find it very relaxing here. M: Well, I’m sure there’s lots more you’d like to ask, so, please go ahead. W: Thanks. I notice that you have a sort of team of helpers. How do you organize who does that Surely, it’s difficult with so many talented people M: Everyone contributes ideas, of course, and to a certain extant shares in the decision-making. We all have our different specialties and different ways of doing things, but that’s a great advantage in a place like this. If there is any disagreement, I have the final word. After all, I own the business and I’m the boss. But it happens rarely. I’m glad to say. W: Have you had them with you for long M: Net all of them, no. Alan’s been with me for about five years. I used to have a restaurant on the east coast. Then I got the offer to do a lecture tour of Australia and New Zealand, you know, with practical demonstrations, so I sold the business, and then Alan and I looked a- round for two young chefs to take with us. Tom and Martin have been working for me ever since. Chefs are not a problem, but I’m having a lot of trouble at the moment finding good, reliable domestic staff. W: How long did the tour last M: We were away for over two years in the end because more and more organizations wanted to see the show, and one thing led to another. W: Had you been considering this present venture for long M: For some time, yes. During the tour I began to think it might be interesting to combine the show idea with a permanent establishment, and so here we are. W: And what made you choose this particular sport M: Quite a few people have been surprised-you’re not the first. It does seem a bit out of the way, I know, but I didn’t want to start up in London. There’s far too much competition. Then I decided to go for a different type of client altogether-the sort of person who wants to get away from it all; who loves peace and quiet, and beautiful scenery but also appreciates good food. When I saw the farmhouse I couldn’t resist it. I was brought up not far from here so everything just fell into place. W: To go back to the food, Paul. Do you have a large selection of dishes to choose from or are you always looking for new ideas M: Both. A lot of the dishes had already been created on the tour, but I encourage my staff to experiment whenever possible. I mean I can’t keep serving the same dishes. The people who come here expect something unusual at every course, and some guests, I hope, will want to return. W: I know two who certainly will. M: It’s very kind of you to say so. Is there anything you’d like to know W: As a matter of fact, there is. Your grapefruit and ginger marmalade tasted delicious. Could you possibly give me the recipe M: It isn’t really my secret to give. It belongs to Alan, but I’m sure if you ask him he’ll be glad to oblige you — as long as you promise not to print it in your magazine. Alan has been with Paul for fifteen years.
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