【F1】For more than two decades, U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas.The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.【F2】Now, chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate.They, together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. The CEOs" motive: "Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well", says one CEO of a company that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid.【F3】And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them."Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways," says a forum member.One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule.【F4】The idea is for public universities—which educate three-quarters of all U.S. undergraduates—to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class.【F5】Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn" t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use. 【F5】
下列关于建设用地使用权交换的说法中,正确的是______。
A. 交换的标的物之一必须是建设用地使用权
B. 交换的标的物必须都是建设用地使用权
C. 交换后的建设用地使用权人不发生变化
D. 交换的建设用地使用权应当是等值的
【F1】For more than two decades, U.S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas.The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.【F2】Now, chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate.They, together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. The CEOs" motive: "Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well", says one CEO of a company that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid.【F3】And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them."Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways," says a forum member.One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule.【F4】The idea is for public universities—which educate three-quarters of all U.S. undergraduates—to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class.【F5】Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn" t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use. 【F1】
Vinton Cerf, known as the father of the Internet, said on Wednesday that the Web was outgrowing the planet Earth and the time had come to take the information superhighway to outer space. "The Internet is growing quickly, and we still have a lot of work to do to cover the planet." Cerf told the first day of the annual conference of Internet Society in Geneva where more than 1 500 cyberspace fans have gathered to seek answers to questions about the tangled web of the Internet.【F1】Cerf believed that it would soon be possible to send real-time science data on the Internet from a space mission orbiting another planet such as Mars."There is now an effort under way to design and build an interplanetary Internet. The space research community is coming closer and closer and merging. We think that we will see interplanetary Internet networks that look very much like the ones we use today.【F2】We will need interplanetary gateways and there will be protocols to transmit data between these gateways."Cerf said.Francois Fluckiger, a scientist attending the conference from the European Particle Physics Laboratory near Geneva, was not entirely convinced, saying: "We need dreams like this. But I don"t know any Martian whom I"d like to communicate with through the Internet."Cerf has been working with NASA"s Pasadena Jet Propulsion Laboratory—the people behind the recent Mars expedition—to design what he calls an "interplanetary Internet protocol".【F3】He believes that astronauts will want to use the Internet, although special problems remain with interference and delay."This is quite real. The effort is becoming extraordinarily concrete over the next few months because the next Mars mission is in planning stages now," Cerf told the conference, "If we use domain names like Earth or Mars ... jet propulsion laboratory people would be coming together with people from the Internet community." He added, "【F4】The idea is to take the interplanetary Internet design and make it a part of the infrastructure of the Mars mission."He later told a news conference that designing this system now would prepare mankind for future technological advances. "The whole idea is to create an architecture so the design works anywhere. I don"t know where we"re going to have to put it but my guess is that we"ll be going out there some time," Cerf said, "【F5】If you think 100 years from now, it is entirely possible that what will be purely research 50 years from now will become commercial 100 years from now.The Internet was the same—it started as pure research but now it is commercialized." 【F5】