题目内容
Which of the following is NOT true？
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Theories are like apples; there are good ones and there are bad ones. A good apple is flavorful and nutritious. A good theory is one that we have good reason to believe is true, or at least likely to be true. Apples have all sorts of features that are indicative of goodness and that can be used at the store for making smart choices. An apple’s color, shininess, shape, and firmness are related to its flavor and food value. Similarly, theories have features that are indicative of their truth, and the task of justification is to identify these features and use them to guide choices as to which theories to believe. In this way, responsible theory choice and responsible science are not unlike responsible shopping. The big difference is that you get to go home and eat the apple and find out if you were right and it really does taste good. With theories, however, there is no feature that is the taste of truth, at least not that we get to sample. There are only features that indicate truth. You never get to go home and see unambiguously that atomic theory, for example, is true. But you do the best you can.
Theories have lots of different properties and can differ one from another in a variety of different ways. A few have been mentioned already, namely the degree of generality and hypothetical status of a theoretical claim. An account of the proper- ties of a theory is an answer to the inquiry, "So tell me what this theory is like. "There are plenty of things to say, that is, plenty of features to mention. There is the feature of how it was discovered, by whom, at what time of day. Some theories have the feature of being proposed by Einstein; some lack his feature. Some have the feature of being liked by Einstein; some don't. There are also features of the content of a theory or of its form. Bein6 logically consistent is a feature of form. Making reference to action at a distance, or to evil spirits, or to gluons are distinct features of content. There are even pragmatic features. Some theories are likely to be money-makers; others are not.
Clearly, some of these features of theories are irrelevant to an analysis of scientific knowledge and irrelevant to doing science. We want to focus on the important features, those that meet the following two criteria. First, they must be relevant to the likelihood of the theory being true. That is, they must be reliable indicators of truth so that our seeing whether the feature is present or not will be part of our warrant for believing the theory. Some theories have the property that you learned them on a Tuesday, but that is unimportant because it is neutral to their being true or false. Some theories have the property of describing goblin maintenance men to keep the world in good working order. That ‘s an important feature because it helps us decide whether the theory is true or false.
The second criterion of importance is that the property is something we can in fact evaluate. The information must be accessible to us if it is to be of any use. To get back to apples for a moment, even if it's true that apples with darker seeds taste better, this isn't any help there in the store where information about the seeds isn't available. Similarly, a theory about the demise of dinosaurs is true if it is an accurate picture of the past events, but the feature of being an accurate picture is not something we can evaluate. We can't see what this theories a picture of, and so we can't assess its accuracy. Much as we would like to use accuracy-of-picture or correspondence-to-facts as features that indicate truth, information a- bout these features is unavailable. Features that are important to the justification of theories must be both truth-conducive
Which of the following can serve as one of the reasons to support the idea that theories are like apples？
1949年，新中国的建立，标志着中国已从半殖民地半封建社会进人（）
Changes in the way we work are going to provide one of the most important, spurs to the growth in the use of this technology. Mobile working is making traditional communications methods obsolete and rapid information exchange a priority. Video conferencing is well positioned to help companies who have a heavy reliance on immediate employee communications to meet this need in the ever-changing working environment.
For those who are new to video conferencing it is worth defining the key areas of video conferencing to help in under- standing the market. Video conferencing enables audio and video transmission between separate locations from anywhere in the world. Video conferences can be point-to-point exactly like a telephone call, or multi-point enabling virtual meetings amongst three or more locations to take place, both most commonly using an ISDN network.
Multi-point conferences require a physical device called a Multi-point Contro Unit (MCU) or "bridge". The MCU's function is to recognize that each participant is using an industry standard and then connect all the participants together. The technical complexities of operating a bridge requires a telecom department within a organization, However most choose to avoid the costs and work associated with this and use a multi-point service provider which is where AT&T expertise lies.
Intel who produce the Proshare desktop conferencing software were actively targeting the business markets and trying to drive down the cost of video conferencing, they believe video conferencing will be "the norm" in the future and as common as any other software currently residing on your PC.
The main advantage of the desktop product is the data sharing capability, which allows a user to launch a software application and share it with other users. The power of this is clear to see. Documents can be agreed and amended with desk- top users throughout the world in real-time, instead of faxing documents backwards and forwards with comments or trying to make changes over the phone which often leads to mistakes being made. In a multi-point environment application sharing operates using the T. 120 industry standard.
Your PC is always available to you on your desk and all you need to do to set up a meeting with three or more people is to reserve a call with a multipoint service provider such as AT&T and dial into a bridge. You can then be linked with up to 24 different worldwide locations. Not only will you save time and money, you will also develop more effective face to face working relationships with your colleagues, customers or suppliers.
Front the passage, we can safely infer that ______.
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：Denis: Hi, there, Fiona.
Fiona: Hi, Denis.
Denis: This semester is coming to the end at last. After a semester of hard study, I really need a good rest.
Fiona: Have you got any idea of your holiday？
Denis: Yes, I'm going to join an Italian tour.
Fiona: Great.
Denis: How about you？
Fiona: I will go to Australia to study English.
Denis: Why to Australia？
Fiona: Because it is the closest English speaking country to Thailand.
Denis: And I heard there are many choices for students.
Fiona: Yes, there, I can either study English separately, along with other subjects, or combined with fun and relaxation. And English language tuition is available across a vast range of levels which caters to all abilities. Over 160 institutions offer specialist English language tuition for international students.
Denis: Sounds good. I have thought of studying English abroad, too. Maybe next year. So I have made some investigations. I found that all Australian universities have their own English language centres or have links with English language colleges.
Fiona: Yes. Those English language colleges that are not part of a university may be privately or government operated or part of government technical and business colleges. These colleges also provide English as part of their other courses.
Denis: I believe that these arrangements ensure that all international students have access to English language tuition. So they can either successfully complete their academic studies or drastically improve their level of spoken and written English...mmmm...I forget to ask, when will you leave and how long will you study there？
Fiona: I'm going to leave next Monday and spend the whole holiday there.
Denis: So, that is to say, you are going to study in a summer school.
Fiona: Not exactly a summer school. It is only a more relaxed way to study English in Australia -- as part of a vacation. Visitors on a tourist visa can undertake English study for up to three months. Many visitors take advantage of their holiday to upgrade their English. This informal English language tuition offers endless flexibility with courses specially designed for individuals or groups. Many colleges cater for specialist sports and hobbies by running English courses combined with pastimes such as scuba diving, golf, sailing, horse riding or wine appreciation. These are known as "study tours". I' m just in one of them.
Denis: Besides studying in class, is there any out-of-class activities？
Fiona: Certainly there are. One particularly popular option is called Foundation Studies. It combines preparation for under- graduate university studies with improving one’s ability to speak, read, understand and listen to English. Another popular option is a "farmstay" where visitors are able to learn English while experiencing life on a cattle or sheep station.
Denis: It must be very interesting. Have you registered a "farmstay"？
Fiona: Yes, I will stay in a sheep station for two weeks.
Denis: It's so attractive. You make me make up my mind to go to Australia next vacation. What suggestion would you like to give me？
Fiona: Mmm...I think you should first think of what to learn there.
Denis: To improve my English, of course.
Fiona: No, no... mmm... I mean you want to study general English or English for academic purposes.
Denis: What's the difference？
Fiona: General English is designed for people who wish to improve their practical English skills for work or travel. The course focuses on the active use of English for effective communication in a wide range of formal and informal situatio
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