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Aristotle believed that the heavens were perfect. If they ever were, they are no longer. The skies above Earth are now littered with the debris of dead satellites, bits of old rockets and the odd tools dropped by a spacewalking astronaut. Such is the extent of the detritus that the first accidental collision between two satellites has already taken place. It happened in February 2009, when a defunct Russian Cosmos smashed into a functioning American Iridium, destroying both and creating even more space junk. To stop this sort of thing happening again, Vaios Lappas of the University of Surrey, in England, has designed a system that will remove satellites from orbit at the end of their useful lives—and as a bonus will scour part of the sky clean as it does so. Dr. Lappas’s satellite-removal system employs a solar sail. As light from the sun hits the sail, it imparts a minuscule but continuous acceleration. When a satellite is first launched, the sail is angled in a way that causes this acceleration to keep the satellite in orbit. (Orbits gradually decay as a result of collisions with the small number of air molecules found even at altitudes normally classified as "outer space". ) Solar sails have yet to be used widely to propel spacecraft in this way—several earlier versions came unstuck when the sails failed to unfurl properly—but doing so is not a novel idea in principle. The novelty Dr. Lappas envisages is to change the angle of the sail when the satellite has become defunct. Instead of keeping the derelict craft in orbit, it will, over the course of a couple of years, drag it into the atmosphere and thus to a fiery end. Not only that, but the sail will also act like a handkerchief, mopping up microscopic orbital detritus such as flecks of paint from previous launches: A fleck of paint may not sound dangerous, but if travelling at 27,000kph (17,0OOmph), as it would be in orbit, it could easily penetrate an astronaut’s spacesuit. A prototype of Dr. Lappas’s design, called CubeSail, will be launched late next year. It weighs just 3kg (71b) and, when folded up, measures 30cm (12 inches) by 10cm by 10cm. Once unfurled, however, the sail will have an area of 25 square metres. If this prototype, which is paid for by EADS, a European aerospace company, proves successful, solar sails might be added to many future satellites. That would enable them to be removed rapidly from orbit when they became useless and would restore to the skies some measure of Aristotelian perfection. We can learn from the text that the solar sail can ______.
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We used to think that the left brain controlled your thinking and that the right brain controlled your heart. But neuroscientists have learned that it’s a lot more complicated.In 2007, an influential paper in the journal Behavioral and Brain Functions found that while most of us process emotions through the right hemisphere of the brain, about 35 % of people—especially victims of trauma—process their hurt and anger through their left brain, where logic and language sit. That may be because they had worked so hard to explain, logically, why they were suffering. But pushing emotions through the left brain taxed it: these people performed significantly worse on memory tests.Now a new paper—out in the September issue of The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease—further complicates the picture with a surprising finding: whether you are right-handed, left-handed or ambidextrous (which the authors call, rather delightfully, " inconsistently handed") seems to be an important clue in understanding how you use your brain to process emotions.It’s been known for some time that lefties and the ambidextrous are more prone to negative emotions. The new study shows that they also have a greater imbalance in activity between the left and right brains when they process emotions. Of course, you can’t be sure which comes first: maybe angry people are more out of balance, or maybe the inability to find equilibrium makes you angry. As for the left-handed: maybe they’re more angry because the world is designed for the right-handed majority.The study also used an interesting method to find that angry people are, literally, hot-headed: the authors of the paper—led by Ruth Propper, a psychology professor at Merrimack College in Massachusetts- measured brain-hemisphere activation with a relatively old method called tympanic membrane temperature, which is essentially how hot it is in your inner ear. If you get angry a lot, your head tends to be warmer.One problem is that the study was small —just 55 undergraduates participated (they were paid $20 each for having to endure ear-temperature tests and psychological questioning). Also, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, while peer-reviewed, is one of less-respected psychology journals. Still, I like the study just because it explains that when you get hot under the collar, you are actually hot under the collar. What does the author think of the study（）
由于砂、石等材料体积庞大，为了不影响施工，应离现场远一些堆放。
As you crest a rise on Mississippi’s Highway 63, just north of Pascagoula and the Gulf coast, the vista unfolds. A calm brown waterway flows beneath the bridge, interlaced with palm-treed fingers of land; a chaos of water towers, cranes and derricks is revealed in the distance. The near view gives the region its charm; the distant one sustains it. The oil industry and shipbuilding both thrive along the coast. (41) Signal International, a marine-fabrication firm, brought around 500 welders and pipe fitters from India—most of them from the southern state of Kerala, many of whom had laboured in various Arab Gulf states—to work in its shipyards in Pascagoula and Orange, Texas. The workers allege that they paid exorbitant sums to recruiters in India (up to $20,000), who promised them green cards. But once they arrived, they were harassed, intimidated and kept in cramped and isolated conditions. (42) (43) They, like the Indians, were brought to America on H-2B visas, given for temporary employment in non-agricultural fields.Like much of America’s rickety immigration system, the H-2B programme draws scorn from all sides. Companies in such industries as forestry and fisheries depend heavily on guest workers. But since 1990 the H-2B has been capped at a paltry 66,000 a year. Even with exemptions for workers who extend their visas, that cap has been hit every year but one. In 2008 American companies requested nearly 294,000 H-2Bs. Unions, for their part, fret that guest workers take jobs from willing Americans, as well as driving down wages and benefits. And immigrant-rights advocates point to the potential for abuse inherent in the programme. (44) Their visas are tied to their jobs, which deters complaint.Mary Bauer, the legal director of the Southern Poverty Law Centre, a civil-rights programme that has represented numerous H-2B plaintiffs (including the Indian workers suing Signal), says that temporary workers appeal to employers because "they cannot work for anybody else. They have to accept any terms imposed on them. They have to borrow a substantial amount of money to get here, and almost anything asked of them they feel obligated to tolerate and do. "Things may be getting better. In February Superior Forestry Service, which provides the forest industry with immigrant workers, agreed to a $2.75m settlement in a suit brought by 2,200 workers who claimed they were short-changed on wages (the company denies malfeasance). (45) It won’t make everyone happy, but at least it should make some people a bit less unhappy.A. Although temporary agricultural workers are guaranteed housing, travel expenses, firm hours of work and access to lawyers, H-2B visa-holders are promised only prevailing local wages.B. They are now suing both Signal and the recruiters, who are also being sued by Signal—which claims that they misled the company as well as the workers.C. Furthermore, for American corporations, the more workers from overseas they possess, the more benefits they get.D. But the population has waned, displaced by hurricanes, so companies must look elsewhere for their workers. The results are not always happy ones.E. However, less workers are needed in some corporations, such as forestry and fisheries that have enough staff from immigrants.F. And in December 2009 Bernie Sanders, a senator from Vermont, introduced a bill that would provide guest workers with travel expenses and access to lawyers, regulate foreign recruiters and prevent companies that have massively laid off local staff from hiring immigrants.G. Just west of Pascagoula, in Gulfport, a group of Brazilian welders and pipe fitters have made similar allegations against another marine-fabrication firm. 43（）
It might seem odd to think of pre-kindergarten toddlers as students in need of teachers, but the latest research suggests that some form of instruction may help children to better prepare for school.Nina Chien, a post doctoral researcher in pediatrics at the University of California San Diego found that children who were left to engage in free play in pre-kindergarten centers showed the least improvement in reading and math skills after one year compared with the children who benefited from some form of teacher instruction. The free play groups were provided with educational toys designed to stimulate their creative and cognitive processes, but they still learned up to two fewer alphabet letters and three fewer numbers than those who worked with teachers. Overall, when the children reached kindergarten, their teachers rated them up to 96% lower on language and literacy skills compared to their classmates.Chien based her study on 701 state-funded pre-kindergarten programs in 11 states, was surprised by the findings since more than 50% of children were enrolled in free-play based centers, an indication of their popularity. "It’s very popular to give kids rich educational materials, let them chose which ones they want to play with, and let them play, "she says. "It was surprising that this very popular model turned out not to be that beneficial. "The children who showed the most gains over the year in terms of learning the alphabet and numbers, as well as achieving basic reading and math skills, were those who had more individual interaction with teachers. Some teacher-based programs emphasized group instruction, while others involved more one-on-one guidance, in which teachers would encourage students to think more broadly or creatively. If a child drew a sun, for example, an instructor might ask how he could depict the brightness of sun, and guide the child to coming up with a way to draw the sun’s rays. Such encouragement, known as scaffolding, resulted in the most academic gains among the children.Based on her findings, Chien believes that there is still a role for free play, as the children in these programs exhibited greater creativity over the year. She also notes that the study involved public programs in which many of the students came from lower income households. Previous studies have shown that such children benefit more from individualized ins/ruction since they may not be receiving much guidance or support at home. But overall, she says, greater teacher interaction, combined with free play, might enhance children’s learning ability and better prepare them for school. Given the dwindling resources in public education, however, that may be harder and harder to achieve. The word "dwindling" (Line 6, Paragraph 5) most probably means "（）".
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