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W: Tom’s been looking after his mother in the hospital. She got injured in a car accident two weeks ago and still in a critical condition.M: Oh, that’s terrible. And you know his father passed away last year. What can we know about Tom（）
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Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful This might be so-called laziness, but Dr Johnson has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle,During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that you’re "hot". That’s true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is the peak of your body temperature cycle. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: "Get up, John! You’ll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives get to know what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr Johnson believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have a job of great importance to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you’ll get up steam (鼓起干劲)and work better at your low point.Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should（）
Psychologists take opposing opinion of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who make the study of the relationship between actions and their results, argue that rewards can make improvement in performing at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various fields of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and presents from others.The latter point has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, in accordance to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology."If kids know they’re working for a reward and can keep close attention to a task relatively full of challenges, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s simple to vanish creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."A teacher who continually pays attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes more and more efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades,In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe（）
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful This might be so-called laziness, but Dr Johnson has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle,During the hours when you labour through your work you may say that you’re "hot". That’s true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is the peak of your body temperature cycle. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: "Get up, John! You’ll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives get to know what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.You can’t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr Johnson believes. Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have a job of great importance to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won’t change your cycle, but you’ll get up steam (鼓起干劲)and work better at your low point.Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch, because it will（）
Psychologists take opposing opinion of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who make the study of the relationship between actions and their results, argue that rewards can make improvement in performing at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various fields of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and presents from others.The latter point has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, in accordance to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology."If kids know they’re working for a reward and can keep close attention to a task relatively full of challenges, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s simple to vanish creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."A teacher who continually pays attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes more and more efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades,In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. Which of the following can best promote students’ creativity according to Robert Eisenberger（）
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