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简述学习和研究教育原理时必须坚持的方法论。
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D Are you one of those who always fear whenever a dog is approaching If you are, you have got phobia (a very strong feeling of being afraid of something ). Of all human fears, phobias may be the most uncontrollable. They are most often caused by a particular situation or object. In general, phobias can mainly be divided into three varieties. To begin with，agoraphobia is a fear of staying in strange surroundings, for example, an unfamiliar place, or an open area. Social phobia refers to the anxiety people show when they have to stay or perform on social events, for instance, speaking in front of the class. Lastly, there are a wide range of specific phobias. People suffering from this kind of phobia are terrified of specific objects or creatures, such as spiders, perhaps to your surprise, clowns. Besides, there are about six hundred and fifty phobias listed by psychologists (心理学家) as yet. Faced with their phobias, many people choose to do nothing but just escape the situations or objects they fear. Psychologists, however, warn that if not treated properly, this kind of anxiety will get worse, so that it may disturb the sleep pattern, cause physical symptoms, and finally affect their daily activities. As for treatment, clinical research has discovered that medicine for anxiety is not successful in curing phobias. However, the anxiety disorders can be efficiently treated through cognitive behavioral therapy ( 认知行为疗法 ), through which patients are led to inspect the connections between their own fear and the situation or object, and then actively choose the acceptable treatments. Also, other treatments proved effective in reducing phobias are meditation, listening to calming music, and so on. According to the passage, what causes phobias
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency crimes committed by young people focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 16 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 17 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 18 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 19 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status 20 as a rejection of middleclass values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 21 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 22 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 23 to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly 24 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 25 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 26 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 27 lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also 28 changes these years. More families consist of oneparent households or two working parents; 29, children are likely to have less supervision at home, 30 was common in the traditional family 31. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 32 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 33 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 34 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 35 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
计算机数字音乐合成技术主要有（）两种方式，其中用（）技术合成的音质更好。 计算机数字音乐合成技术中用（）技术合成的音质更好。
在操作系统的进程管理中，若系统中有8个进程要使用互斥资源R，但最多只允许2个进程进入互斥段（临界区），则信号量S的变化范围是（）；若信号量S的当前值为4，则表示系统中有（）个进程正在等待该资源。 在操作系统的进程管理中，若系统中有8个进程要使用互斥资源R，但最多只允许2个进程进入互斥段（临界区），若信号量S的当前值为4，则表示系统中有（）个进程正在等待该资源。
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