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阅读下列材料。 材料1 1929—1933年的资本主义世界发生的经济危机，是有史以来资本主义世界最严重的经济危机，这场危机深刻动摇了资本主义经济体制的根基，危及资本主义的生存。1933年美国总统罗斯福实施“新政”，加强政府对经济生活的干预。2008年，美国爆发了70年来最严重的一场金融危机，这次危机对美国实体经济的影响逐步显现出来，有专家认为，美国经济已经濒临衰退的边缘。这次危机也迅速波及到世界许多国，造成世界范围内股市和汇市的剧烈动荡。应美国金融寡头的请求，布什政府制订了一项总额近8000亿美元的紧急援助计划，试图帮助美国金融业解决不良资产和债务问题。美国两党总统候选人奥巴马和麦凯恩均表示支持这一计划；美国国会也先后通过了这一计划。2008年11月15号，美国政府邀请召开了一次全球金融峰会，来寻找应对之策。 材料2 国家垄断资本主义是私人垄断资本和国家政权相结合的垄断资本主义。第二次世界大战结束后，国家垄断资本主义获得广泛而迅速的发展。国家与私人垄断资本相结合的基本形式有：国家与私人垄断资本融为一体(国家直接掌握国有企业垄断资本)；国家与私人垄断资本在企业内部结合(国家与私人共有的垄断资本)；国家与私人垄断资本在企业外部的结合(国家对私人垄断企业运行的干预和调节)。 材料3 资本主义国家对经济的干预和调节，一方面是通过国有经济成分为资本主义整体生产过程创造必要条件，支持私人垄断资本的发展并获得高额利润。具体表现在：主要从事那些投资多、周转慢、风险大，私人垄断资本不愿经营的公共基础设施、基础工业产品；开发高新技术，为促进私人垄断企业提高技术水平和整个国民经济的发展服务；通过采购和定货等方法直接向私人垄断企业提供支持，为私人垄断资本的发展服务。另一方面是国家通过政策措施干预和调节经济运行，战后已逐步形成了比较完备的经济调控体系。资本主义国家对经济运行干预、调节的目标是：维持总需求和总供给的基本平衡，保持物价总水平的基本稳定，经济稳定增长，充分就业和国际收支平衡。干预、调节手段多样，其中最主要的是财政政策和货币政策的运用。 请回答：1.材料1主要反映了当代垄断资本主义怎样的特征
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Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened (21) . As was discussed before, it was not (22) the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic (23) , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the (24) of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution (25) up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading (26) through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures (27) the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in (28) . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, (29) , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, (30) by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, (31) its impact on the media was not immediately (32) . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as (33) , with display becoming sharper and storage (34) increasing. They were thought of, like people, (35) generations, with the distance between generations much (36) .It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the (37) within which we now live. The communications revolution has (38) both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been (39) view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed (40) "harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult. 29().
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional pre-scientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who will use a technology and to what ends 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patients.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death. "George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It’s like surgery," he says. "We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patients’ suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide. "On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse. " He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear.., that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension. \ George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ().
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened (21) . As was discussed before, it was not (22) the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic (23) , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the (24) of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution (25) up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading (26) through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures (27) the 20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that process in (28) . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, (29) , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, (30) by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, (31) its impact on the media was not immediately (32) . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as (33) , with display becoming sharper and storage (34) increasing. They were thought of, like people, (35) generations, with the distance between generations much (36) .It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the (37) within which we now live. The communications revolution has (38) both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been (39) view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed (40) "harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult. 32().
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