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Many manufacturers _________________________ ( 过于专注降低成本而受到了指责), often at the expense of the quality of their products.
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Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened (67) . As was discussed before, it was not (68) the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic (69) , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the (70) of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution (71) up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading (72) through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures (73) the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in (74) . It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, (75) , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, (76) by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, (77) its impact on the media was not immediately (78) . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as (79) , with display becoming sharper and storage (80) increasing. They were thought of, like people, in (81) of generations, with the distance between generations much (82) . It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the (83) within which we now live. The communications revolution has (84) both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been (85) views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed (86) "harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened (67) . As was discussed before, it was not (68) the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic (69) , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the (70) of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution (71) up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading (72) through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures (73) the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in (74) . It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, (75) , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, (76) by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, (77) its impact on the media was not immediately (78) . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as (79) , with display becoming sharper and storage (80) increasing. They were thought of, like people, in (81) of generations, with the distance between generations much (82) . It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the (83) within which we now live. The communications revolution has (84) both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been (85) views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed (86) "harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.
Over the past decade, American companies have tried hard to find ways to discourage senior managers from feathering their own nests at the expense of their shareholder. The three most popular reforms have been recruiting more outside directors in order to make boards more independent, linking bosses’ pay to various performance measures, and giving bosses share options so that they have the same long-term interests as their shareholders. These reforms have been widely adopted by America’s larger companies, and surveys suggest that many more companies are thinking of following their, lead. But have they done any good Three papers presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management in Boston this week suggest not. As is usually the case with boardroom tinkering, the consequences have differed from those intended. Start with those independent boards. On the face of it, dismissing the boss’s friends from the board and replacing them with outsiders looks a perfect way to make senior managers more accountable. But that is not the conclusion of a study by Professor James Westphal. Instead, he found that bosses with a boardroom full of outsiders spend much of their time building alliances, doing personal favors and generally pleasing the outsiders. All too often, these seductions succeed. Mr. Westphal found that, to a remarkable degree, "independent" boards pursue strategies that are likely to favor senior managers rather than shareholders. Such companies diversify their business, increase the pay of executives and weaken the link between pay and performances. To assess the impact of performance-related pay, Mr. Westphal asked the bosses of 103 companies with sales of over ＄1 billion what measurements were used to determine their pay. The measurements varied widely, ranging from sales to earnings per share. But these researchers uncovered a startling finding: executives "attend to measures that affect their own incomes and ignore or play down other factors that determine a company’s overall success". In Short, bosses are quick to turn every imaginable system of corporate government to their advantage, which is probably why they are the people who are put in charge of things. Here is a paradox for the management theorists: any boss who cannot beat a system designed to keep him under control is probably not worth having. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage
AIDS AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. The human immunodeficiency virus (人类免疫缺损病毒)called HIV is believed to cause AIDS. There is no cure. People who get the disease will die. AIDS itself does not kill. However, it attacks and destroys the body’’s defense system that fights against infection. When this happens, a person has little ability to fight off many other diseases including pneumonia(肺炎), cancer and tuberculosis (结核病). A new study says the number of women in the United States with AIDS has increased sharply. The study says AIDS is increasing faster among women than among men. Eighteen percent of AIDS patients are women. This is almost 3 times the rate 10 years ago. Most women get the AIDS virus from having sexual relations with men. Pregnant women with the disease can pass it to their babies. The effect of AIDS in America is greatest in large cities. AIDS is the leading cause of death among all people in 79 cities. It is the leading cause of death among women in 15 cities. These include New York City and Miami, Florida. Doctors in the United States first noted AIDS 14 years ago in homosexual (同性恋的)men in New York and California. In the United States AIDS spread first among homosexual men. Then it appeared in people who shared needles to put illegal drugs into their blood. It also appeared in people who had received infected blood products at hospitals. The AIDS virus is spread through the exchange of infected blood or body fluids released during sexual activity. It is also spread by having sexual relations with someone who has the virus. And it is spread by sharing drug needles that have infected blood on them. AIDS has affected several famous American athletes. Two years ago, former tennis player Arthur Ashe died of the disease. At about the same time, former basketball player Magic Johnson announced that he has the AIDS virus. The most recent athlete to be affected is Gregory Louganis. Louganis won a number of gold medals in Olympic diving competition. He announced on television that he has AIDS. President Clinton met with Louganis and praised him for discussing his sickness. Mr. Clinton said it is important to educate the public. Activists have succeeded in educating Americans about AIDS and the people who have it. They also have been urging the federal government to increase efforts to find a cure for AIDS. Scientists first identified the virus that is believed to cause AIDS in 1983. Many of them then thought they could produce an anti-AIDS vaccine(痘苗). Such a medicine could be given to people to protect against the disease. However, scientists at American government agencies, universities and drug companies have failed to produce an anti-AIDS vaccine. But they are continuing effort to find better treatments for a cure. AIDS has created some reactions in America that are mentioned in the text except that______
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