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5Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of for mality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dic tionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are under stood by almost all speakers of language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are collo quial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identi fied. Both Colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into stand ard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscuri ty. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are nec essary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and ac ceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority pop ulation.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard," "colloquial," and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expres- sions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions. The author mentions all of the following as requirements for slang expressions to be created except （）.
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1In old days, when a glimpse of stocking was looked upon as something far too shock ing to distract the serious work of an office, secretaries were men.Then came the First World War and the male secretaries were replaced by women. A man’s secretary became his personal servant, charged with remembering his wife’s birth day and buying her presents; taking his suits to the dry-cleaners; telling lies on the tele phone to keep people he did not wish to speak to at bay and, of course, typing and filing and taking shorthand.Now all this may be changing again. The microchip and high technology is sweeping the British office, taking with it much of the routine clerical work that secretaries did."Once office technology takes over generally, the status of the job will rise again be cause it will involve only the high-powered work and then men will want to do it again. "That was said by one of the executives (male) of one of the biggest secretarial agencies in this country. What he has predicted is already under way in the US. One girl described to me a recent temporary job placing men in secretarial jobs in San Francisco. She noted that all the men she dealt with appeared to be gay so possibly that it was just a new twist to the old story.Over here, though, there are men coming onto the job market as secretaries. Classically, girls have learned shorthand and typing and gone into a company to seek their fortune from the bottom--and that’s what happened to John Bowman. Although he joined a national gro cery chain as secretary to its first woman senior manager, he has since been promoted to an administration job."I filled in the application form and said I could do audio/typing, and in fact I was the only applicant. The girls were reluctant to work for this young, glamorous new woman with all this power in the firm. ""I did typing at school, and then a commercial course. I just thought it would be use ful finding a job. I never got any funny treatment from the girls, though I admit I’ve never met another male secretary. But then I joined the Post Office as a clerk and carelessly played with the typewriter, and wrote letters, and thought that after all secretaries were getting a good ~1,000 a year more than clerks like me. There was a shortage at that time, you see. ""It was simpler working for a woman than for a man. I found she made decisions, she told everybody what she thought, and there was none of that male bitchiness, or that stuff ’ring this number for me dear, ’which men go in for. ""Don’t forget, we were a team—that’s how I feel about it—not boss and servant but two people doing different things for the same purpose. "Once high technology has made the job of secretary less routine, will there be male takeover Men should beware of thinking that they can walk right into the better jobs. There are a lot of women secretaries who will do the job as well, as they are as effi cient and well-trained to cope with word processors and computers as men. The writer believes that before long （）.
5Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of for mality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dic tionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are under stood by almost all speakers of language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are collo quial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identi fied. Both Colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into stand ard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscuri ty. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are nec essary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and ac ceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority pop ulation.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard," "colloquial," and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expres- sions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions. How is slang defined by the author ？（）
Because it takes 4 kilos of grain protein to produce half a kilo of meat protein. (Passage One)
3Kevin Rogers used to be my boss. At that time he was a hard-working, up-and-coming businessman and a real slave-driver, always telling us we had to sell more and more. As soon as I could, I got a job with another company. The last time I saw Rogers was more than ten years ago. At least that’s what I thought until last Thursday. But now I’m not so sure.I was on my way back to my office in the center of town. There is a small park nearby which I sometimes walk through after lunch. It is empty, except for an unshaven, shabby looking man on one of the benches. He looked about fifty years old and was wearing an old, gray overcoat. It was a cold, wintry day, and he was shivering."It’s been a long time since I had a meal. Can you help me" he said. There was some thing about his voice that sounded familiar. I gave him a few coins and he mumbled some thing about being grateful. As he stumbled past me, I looked at his face closely. I won dered where I had seen him before. Then it hit me. Could it possibly be... No! Impossible, I thought. I watched him walking away. He was the same height as Rogers but looked a lot thinner than I remembered. Then, as he left the park and turned down the street, I caught sight of his face again, this time in profile. The nose was the same as Rogers’, too. I al most followed him but something made me stop. I just couldn’t be sure. But the resem- blance was very close.Yesterday I ran into someone who had worked for Rogers at the same time I did, and had stayed on longer. I started telling him about the man I had seen in the park. For a mo ment I thought it was our old boss. The voice, the nose, and even the face were just like Rogers, but it couldn’t have been. "Rogers must be the director of a big company by now," I said.My ex-colleague shook his head. "I thought you knew. ""Knew Knew what What are you talking about""Rogers was sent to prison six years ago. He’s probably out by now. For all I know he’s sleeping on park benches and begging money from passers-by. \ When this story begins, the writer （）.
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