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航次租船又名“______”，是一种由船舶所有人向租船人提供 ______，在特定的两港或数港之间从事一个特定的航次或几个航次承运特定货物的方式。
A complex operation called spinal fusion has emerged as the treatment of choice for many kinds of back pain. But a number of researchers say there is little scientific evidence to show that for most patients, spinal fusion works any better than a simpler operation, the lamineetomy (椎板切除术). Some people would be better off with no surgery at all. Even doctors who favor fusions say that more research is needed on their benefits. In the absence of better data, critics point to a different reason for the fusion operation’s fast rise: money. Medicare can pay a surgeon as much as four times more for a spinal fusion as for a laminectomy. Hospitals also collect two to four times as much. "We all cave in to market and economic forces," said Dr. Edward C. Benzel. Though doctors, as a rule, should favor the least complicated treatment—with surgery being the last resort — Dr. Benzel estimated that fewer than half of the spinal fusions done today were probably appropriate. Doctors and hospitals are not the only players with a financial stake in fusion operations. Critics blame the companies that make the hardware for promoting more complex fusions without evidence that they are significantly more effective. Some sort of hardware is used in almost 90 percent of lower-back fusions and the national bill for the hardware alone has soared to $ 2.5 billion a year. The hardware makers acknowledge giving surgeons millions of dollars for consulting and researches, but say the money promotes technical and medical advances that improve back care. But a lawsuit brought by Scott A. Wiese, a former sales representative of Medtronic-the biggest maker of spinal hardware, accused the company of trying to persuade surgeons to use its products with offers of first-class plane tickets to Hawaii and nights at the finest hotels. Medtronic said it did nothing wrong, and it denied the accusations in the lawsuit. But the company disclosed earlier this year that the federal government was investigating charges that it paid illegal kickbacks to surgeons. Federal officials declined to comment on the investigation, and Medtronic said it would vigorously defend itself. Still, between the allure of money and the quest for breakthroughs in treatment, some prominent spinal surgeons say that back care has gone astray. Which of the following statements on the treatment of back pain is true
Few foods are more alluring than chocolate. "Chocolate is a drug of abuse in its own category," jokes Dr. Louis Aronne. "It’s ahnost as if people have chocolate receptors in their brains. " That may not be too far off the mark. In a recent book called "Breaking the Food Seduction," Dr. Neal Barnard contends that certain foods—including chocolate, cheese, red meat and practically anything combining sugar and fat—are just plain addictive. " It’s not that you lack willpower. These foods stimulate the release of chemicals in the brain’s pleasure center that keep you hooked. " Besides tapping the brain’s own "feel good" chemicals, Barnard says, some of these foods contain drug-like molecules (分子) of of their own. Cheese delivers casomorphins, the same compounds in a mother’s milk that help an infant bond during nursing, he says, but cheese is even more powerful, because it delivers casomorphins in an undiluted form. The result: "We’re bonding to our refrigerators. " Other scientists doubt these drug-like compounds have enough force to make the foods addictive. But no one denies that fat and sugar exert a strong appeal. The brain is designed to reward eating and other behaviors that promote survival. And throughout history, with food relatively hard to come by, what prmnoted survival better than calorie-dense foods packed with fat and sugar Besides, fat and sugar also calm the brain, lowering levels of stress hormones. "That’s why we call them comfort foods," says physiologist Mary Dallman. But comfort is different from addiction. In classic addiction, the brain grows less sensitive to a pleasurable substance, and the addict requires higher and higher doses to derive the same rewards. Can food cause that kind of change Perhaps. In a new study, Ann Kelley offered rats either plain water or a high-calorie chocolate drink. Over a two-week period, the animals drank more and more chocolate, but produced fewer brain opiates(镇静剂) in response. "You see the same thing in rats on morphine or heroin," she says. Admittedly, some foods can be hard to stop eating. But these foods are less habit-forming than alcohol—and most people can enjoy a drink without becoming alcoholic. The real problem today may be that we’re constantly surrounded with food—and can’t undo millions of years of evolution. The rat experiment is used to prove that chocolate ______.
案例：国际多式联运的认识国际多式联运是指由多式联运经营人按照多式联运合同，以至少两种不同的运输方式，将货物从一国境内接管货物的地点运至另一国境内指定地点交货的运输方式。它是以集装箱为运输单元，将不同的运输方式有机组合在一起构成连续的综合性的一体化货物运输。其特点是：一次托运、一次计费、一次单证、一次保险。这种运输方式与传统单一的运输方式相比，有比较明显的优点：1．统一化、简单化。不论货物运程多远，不论有几种运输方式共同完成对货物的运输，不论中途经过多少转换，所有一切运输事项多式联运企业经营人负责办理。而货主只需办理一次托运、订立一次运输合同、一次支付费用、一次保险。一旦运输途中发生货物损坏或灭失，由多式联运经营人对全程运输负责，而每一运输区段的承运人对自己运输区段的货物损害承担责任。2．减少中间环节、缩短货物运输时间、降低货损货差、提高货运质量。由于以集装箱为运输单元，货物在发货人工厂或仓库装箱后可直接运至收货人的工厂或仓库。中途换装时无须换箱、装箱，从而减少了中间环节。同时由于使用专业机械装卸，换装时又不涉及箱内的货物，因而货损货差、货物被窃现象大为减少，从而在一定程度上提高了货运质量。此外，由于各个运输环节的各种运输工具之间配合密切、衔接紧凑，货物中转迅速及时，大大减少了货物停留时间，从而从基本上保证了货物安全、迅速、准确、及时地运抵目的地。3．降低运输成本、节省运杂费用。由于实行门到门服务运输，因此，对货主来说，在将货物交到第一承运人后即可取得货运单证，并据以结汇。结汇时间提前，不仅有利于加速货物资金的周转，而且减少了利息的支出。同时由于货物装载集装箱运输，从某种意义上说可节省货物的包装费和保险费。此外，由于多式联运采用一张货运单据、统一费率，因而简化了制单和结算手续，节省了人力物力。4．提高运输组织水平，实现合理化运输。由于多式联运可组织各种运输业者共同参与，经营业务范围可大大扩展，并且可以最大限度地发挥其现有设备的作用，选择最佳运输路线，组织合理运输。根据多式联运公约的规定和现行的多式联运业务特点，多式联运具备的条件是：①货物在全程运输中无论使用多少种运输方式，作为全程运输的多式联运经营人必须与发货人订立多式联运合同，以确定他们之间的权利、义务、责任、豁免及运输性质。这是区别多式联运与一般货物运输方式的主要依据；②多式联运经营人必须对全程运输负责；③多式联运经营人接管的货物必须是国际间的货物运输；④多式联运不仅仅是使用两种不同的运输方式，而且必须是该不同运输方式下的连续运输；⑤货物全程运输由多式联运经营人签发一张多式联运单证且满足不同运输方式的需要，并按单一运费率计收全程运费。此外，现行的国际公约对联运的条件作了不同的规定。凡符合下列条件属“汉堡”规则下的货物联运：1．两种运输方式之间，必须有一种是海运；2．所订立的合同是国际间的货物运输。凡符合下列条件属公路货运公约的货物联运：1．运输合同中规定的接管、交付货物的地点位于两个不同的国家；2．货物系由载货车辆运输。凡符合下列条件属铁路货运公约下的货物联运：1．运输方式之一为在公约所规定的铁路上运输；2．另一运输方式为在公约所规定的公路或海上运输。凡符合下列条件属华沙公约下的货物联运：根据有关订立的运输合同，不论运输过程中有无中断或转运，其出发地和目的地是在两个缔约国或非缔约国的主权、宗主权、委托统治权或权力管辖下的领土内有一个约定的经停地点的任何运输。作为订立多式联运合同的多式联运经营人，同时又作为某一运输区段的实际承运人时，首先应确定的是订立的运输合同是否属于现行货运公约所适用的范围。请回答以下问题：1．简述国际多式联运的必备条件。2．简述国际多式联运在国际物流中的意义。
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