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A．theB．oneC．a
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A Cross-cultural Phenomenon
There appears to be a great variation as to the treatment that older adults receive, ranging from extreme reverence and respect to abandonment and deprivation with a broad range of studies dealing with perceptions of old agc. Most investigators report findings which support the view that attitudes toward the elderly were most favorable in primitive societies and decrease with increasing modernization to the point of generally negative view in industrialized Western nations. In other words, the more "civilized" the society is, the more likely they are to be ageist and maintain negative attitudes about the aged. Some examples may be helpful.
Men in the Middle East view old age as life's summit. Older men are viewed as having attained high status and prestige. In fact, the word "sheik" originally meant "old man". No mention is, however, made of women's status in old age in the Middle East.
Women's status and power does increase in many cultures following menopause. It is stated that the old widow has great power in the Japanese family. Women in many small-scale traditional societies also enjoy an increase in status. Post-menopausal women in these societies usually experience greater sexual freedom, the right to participate in ritual, the right to participate in the political realm of the society, and a decrease in the amount of work required in the home. With regard to work, the older woman is expected to be leisured.
The cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards the aged may in part be due to different societal perspectives. Three of the factors hypothesized to contribute to the development of ageism are of relevance here. First, death is not viewed in Western society as a natural part of the life cycle. Those societies, which view life and death as a continuous process, exhibit fewer ageist attitudes. For example, fewer ageist attitudes are exhibited in Japan and the Middle East. Second, older individuals are viewed as productive in many small-scale traditional societies. In fact, they are often the power brokers within those societies. This can be compared with Western society where older adults are thought of as unproductive and therefore, negatively. Last, not all societies are youth oriented. Therefore, a higher value is placed on the later stages of adulthood.
What does the author mean by cross-cultural phenomenon concerning people's attitudes toward ageism？
【C8】
When researchers conducted a three-year study involving nearly 3,000 people older than 65,
听力原文：M: Hi, Maggie! Haven't seen you for long! Where have you been these days？
W: I've been to Hong Kong for a few days.
M: Oh, have you been there on business？
W: No. Actually I've been there for a break with my boyfriend.
M: Really？ I guess you must have had a wonderful time.
W: Yes, indeed. Hong Kong is such a lovely city, and it has got so much to see and do. We got up early and went to bed late; it was rather tiring.
M: What was the first thing on your list？
W: Ocean Park. It was so much fun! We saw a lot of sharks and dolphins; they were so cute when they were giving performances. Besides, the tropical fishes are just fantastic. I've even decided to keep some fish at my place.
M: Sounds interesting. Have you been to the Peak？
W: Yes, of course. We took the Peak Tram there, and we enjoyed a superb view of the whole Hong Kong, including the famous Bank of China Building.
M: Did you take any photos？
W: Yes. In fact, we took the video camera with us. Would you like to come over some day and watch the tapes？
M: That would be great!
Why did the woman go to Hong Kong？
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