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第三篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently Male pilots flying general aviation (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making. While female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash." The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and heIicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pi.lots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and land!ng the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts. inattention n. 疏忽 aviation n. 航空 flawed adj. 有缺陷的 mishandle v. 瞎弄，乱处理 MPH (Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士 mnout v.耗尽，用完 stalll v. (飞机)失速, (发动机)熄火 kinetics n.动力学 In the comparison of female and male pilots, ______.
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下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。第一篇 Obesity (肥胖): the Scourge (祸害) of the Western World Obesity is rapidly becoming a new scourge of the western world, delegates agreed at the llth European Conference on the issue in Vienna Wednesday to Saturday. According to statements before the opening of the conference — of 2,000 specialists from more than 50 countries — 1.2 billion people worldwide are overweight, and 250 million are obese. Professor Bernhard Ludvik of Vienna General Hospital said," Obesity is a chronic illness. In Germany, 20 per cent of the people are already affected, but in Japan only one per cent." But he said that there was hope for sufferers thanks to the new scientific discoveries and medication. Professor Friedrich Hopichler of Salzberg said, "We are living in the new age (but) with the metabolism of a stone — age man." "I have just been to the United States. It is really terrible. A pizza shop is springing up on every comer. We have been overran by fast food and Coca-Cola-ization." Many of the experts stressed that obesity was a potential killer. Hopichler said," Eighty per cent of all diabetics are obese, also fifty per cent of all patients with high blood pressure and fifty per cent with adipose tissue complaints." "Ten per cent more weight means thirteen per cent more risk of heart disease. Reducing one’s weight by ten per cent leads to thirteen per cent lower blood pressure." Another expert Hermann Toplak said that the state health services should improve their financing of preventive programs. "Though the health insurance pays for surgery (such as reducing the size of the stomach) when the body-mass index is more than 40. That is equivalent to a weight of 116 kilograms for a height of 1.70 meters. One should start earlier." Ludvik said that prevention should begin in school. "Child obesity (fat deposits) correlates with the time which children spend in front of TV sets." The consequences were only apparent later on. No more than fifteen per cent of obese people lived to the average life expectancy for their population group. scourge n. 天灾;祸害 obesity n. 肥胖症 overrun vt. 侵扰；蹂躏 obese adj. 肥胖症 diabetic n. 糖悄病患者；adj.糖尿病的 medication n. 药物疗法 adipose adj.脂肪的；肥胖的 metabolism n.新陈代谢 Which of the following is NOT often accompanied by obesity
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，清选择A项；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B项；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C项。 Food and Cancer Medical Experts have suspected for many years that there is a strong link between what a person eats and cancer. They say a new study provides the first evidence that vitamins could reduce a person’s chance of developing cancer. A team of Chinese and American scientists did the study. They are from American National Cancer Institute and the Cancer Institute of the Chinese Academy of Medical sciences in Beijing. The Journal of the National Cancer Institute published the results of the study. About thirty thousand people between the ages of 40 to 69 took part in the study. They were form the northern central Chinese area of Linxian. Most of them took vitamins and minerals every day for five years. Linxian was chosen because the people there have an extremely high rate of cancer of stomach and esophagus. Researchers believe that fungus and molds in local foods may be partly responsible for the high cancer rate. Researchers divided those into eight groups. Seven of the groups received different mixtures of vitamins and minerals daily. The amounts of the vitamins and minerals were 1 to 2 times greater than what American health officials say is needed. The eighth group received sugar pills that had no effect. Those who seemed to fain the most received a mixture of a form of vitamin A called B-carotene, vitamin E and the mineral selenium. The vitamin and mineral are believed to prevent damage to cells caused by cancer-causing substances. Researchers reported a 13 percent drop in cancer rates in those who took B-carotene, vitamin E and selenium. They also found a 10 percent drop in the number of deaths caused by strokes from bursting blood vessels. Scientists warn that it is too soon to know if the effect, would be the same among people in other countries. They note that the people in Linxian eat foods that lack necessary vitamins and minerals. Chinese officials will continue to record the health records of the people in Linxian for many years. For now officials reportedly are considering using the results of the study. They want to find a way to improved the health of people in Linxian and other small towns in China. Fungus and molds in local foods may be partly responsible for the high cancer rate in Linxian.
第三篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently Male pilots flying general aviation (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making. While female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash." The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and heIicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pi.lots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and land!ng the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts. inattention n. 疏忽 aviation n. 航空 flawed adj. 有缺陷的 mishandle v. 瞎弄，乱处理 MPH (Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士 mnout v.耗尽，用完 stalll v. (飞机)失速, (发动机)熄火 kinetics n.动力学 Which of the statements is NOT true according to the second paragraph
第三篇 Male and Female Pilots Cause Accidents Differently Male pilots flying general aviation (private) aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision-making. While female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. "Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots," explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. "Because pilot youth and inexperience are established contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash." The researchers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and heIicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pi.lots’ crashes and 36 percent of males’. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and land!ng the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. The majority of the crashes — 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males — involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females (accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts. inattention n. 疏忽 aviation n. 航空 flawed adj. 有缺陷的 mishandle v. 瞎弄，乱处理 MPH (Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士 mnout v.耗尽，用完 stalll v. (飞机)失速, (发动机)熄火 kinetics n.动力学 How did the researchers carry out their study
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