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The discovery that language can be a barrier to communication is quickly made by all who travel, study, govern or sell. Whether the activity is tourism, research, government or business, the lack of a common language can 21 hinder progress or can halt it altogether. 22 communication problems of this kind must happen thousands of times each day, very few become public knowledge. Publicity comes only when a failure to communicate has major 23 , such as strikes, lost orders, legal problems, or fatal accidents—even, at times of war. One reported instance of communication failure took place in 1970, when 24 Americans ate a species of poisonous mushroom. No remedy was known, and two of the people 25 within days. A radio report of the case was heard by a chemist who knew of a treatment that had been 26 used in 1959 and published in 1963. Why had the American doctors not heard of it seven years later Presumably because the report of the treatment had been published only in 27 written in European languages other than English. The language barrier presents itself to firms who 28 to market their products in other countries. British industry, in particular, had in recent decades often been criticized for its 29 insularity—for its assumption that foreign buyers will be happy to communicate in English, and that awareness of other language is not therefore a priority. The criticism and publicity given to this problem since the 1960s seems to have greatly 30 the situation. It is now much more readily appreciated that marketing efforts can be delayed, damaged, or disrupted by a failure to take account of the linguistic needs of the customer. The changes in awareness have been most marked in English-speaking countries, where the realization has gradually dawned that by no means everyone in the world knows English well enough to negotiate in it. A. journals B. native C. magazines D. improved E. reduced F. wish G. linguistic H. died I. successfully J. several K. severely L. although M. consequences N. medical O. separately
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Directions: In this section, there is a passage with 10 blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Americans still follow many of the old ways. Young people still get married. Of course, many do get divorced, but they 1 at astonishing rates. They are willing to pay taxes for education, and they generously support institutions like hospitals, museums and libraries. In fact, when you 2 the America of today with that of 1950, the 3 are far greater than the differences. But American women are changing the rules. Thirty years ago I could not have imagined a group of women employees suing a major corporation for millions of dollars of salary. Nor could I imagine women in universities going up to the men who ran the 4 programs and demanding a just share of the physical education budget. At work, at play, at all levels of living women are suggesting 5 rules. America is worried about its schools. The problem is that good public schools are becoming 6 rare. Moreover, America can not find housing for its young families. I 7 this as the serious danger confronting family life in America, and I’m appalled that the condition has been allowed to develop. Our prospects, however, are still good. We also have a magnificent 8 of peoples from all the continents with 9 traditions and strengths. But most of all, we have a unique and balanced system of government. I think of America as having the oldest form of government on earth, because since we 10 our present democracy in 1789, every other nation has suffered either parliamentary change or revolutionary change. It is our system which has survived and should survive, giving the maximum number of people a maximum chance for happiness. A. started B. remarry C. make D. similarities E. exchanged F. varied G. consider H. traditionally I. pitifully J. dominant K. new L. mixture M. athletic N. compare O. advance
A monkey is sitting expectantly in a laboratory, wearing earphones that keep its head in an upright fixed position. Its hand rests at its waist near a telegraph key that it can feel but can not see. Soon a green light begins to blink and the monkey 11 the key to signal that it is ready. Then it hears two syllables coming through the earphones, realizes that the syllables are different, and correctly lifts the key. This is not an amazing event in the field of research on primate behavior. Scientific studies on animal 12 have been conducted for many years. Chimpanzees, gorillas, and monkeys have all been taught to 13 messages from humans. What is new about this study is what the researcher noticed about the monkey’s use of its hands. Although either hand could have been used for pressing the key, everyone of the monkeys used its right hand. In other tasks, however, like grabbing food from a feeder or taking something that is offered to them, the monkeys seemed to have no 14 for one hand over the other. It has 15 been assumed that only humans have the trait of 16 one hand. The right hemisphere of the brain controls the left arm and hand, and the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right arm and hand. 17 mental abilities such as speaking and understanding language are handled by the left side of the brain, so it is thought that this produces a dominance of right-handed humans. However, a 18 number of researchers are challenging this notion that nonhuman primates have no hand preferences. They argue that these traits can be 19 back to primates living tens of millions of years ago. Their contention is that primates use their right hands to perform precise manipulations where they can not clearly see what they are doing. And then why haven’t 20 noticed this before It is difficult to set up experiments that require the kind of task where handedness is important. A. researchers B. doctors C. growing D. generally E. comprehend F. offer G. important H. preference I. traced J. followed K. behavior L. favoring M. presses N. shows O. strange
I have had just about enough of being treated like a second-class citizen, simply because I happen to be that put-upon member of society—a customer. The more I go into shops and hotels, banks and post offices, railway stations, airports and the like, the more I am convinced the things are being run solely to suit the firm, the system, or the union. There seems to be a deceptive new motto for so-called "service" organizations—Staff Before Service. How often, for example, have you queued for what seems like hours at the post office or the supermarket because there were not enough staff on duty to man all the service grilles or checkout counters Sure In these days of high unemployment it must be possible to hire cashiers and counter staff. Yet supermarkets, hinting darkly at higher prices, claim that uncovering all their cash registers at any one time would increase overheads. And the post office says we cannot expect all their service grilles to be occupied "at times when demand is low." It is the same with hotels. Because waiters and kitchen staff must finish when it suits them, dining rooms close earlier or menu choice is cut short. As for us guests, we just have to put up with it. There is also the nonsense of so many friendly hotel night porters having been thrown out of their jobs in the interests of "efficiency" (i.e. profits) and replaced by coin-eating machines which offer everything from lager to laxatives. Not to mention the creeping threat of the tea-making kit in your room: a kettle with a mixed collection of tea bags, plastic milk cartons and lump sugar. Who wants to wake up to a raw teabag I do not, especially when I am paying for "service." Can it be stopped, this worsening of service, this growing attitude that the customer is always a nuisance I angrily hope so because it is happening, sadly, in all walks of life. Our only hope is to hammer home our anger whenever and wherever we can and, if all else fails, bring back into practice that other, older slogan—Take Our Custom Elsewhere. Service organizations contend that keeping all checkout counters operated can result in ______.
中国作家张某的一篇小说在一家报纸上连载三个月，第一个月报社支付稿酬800元，第二个月报社支付稿酬1000元，第三个月报社支付稿酬1200元；小说连载后又在某出版社出书取得出版社支付的稿酬8000元。 [要求]12. 计算张某小说连载取得稿酬收入应缴纳的个人所得税；小说连载分次取得收入的，应在连载完成后合并为一次所得计算缴纳个人所得税。因此，小说连载取得稿酬收入应缴纳的个人所得税=(800+1000+1200-800)×20%×(1-30%)=308(元)13. 计算张某小说出版取得稿酬收入应缴纳的个人所得税。连载后又出书取得稿酬的，应视同另一次取得稿酬所得计算个人所得税。因此，小说出版取得稿酬收入应缴纳的个人所得税=8000×(1-20%)×20%×(1-30%)=896(元)中国公民王某为一外商投资企业的高级职员，2008年5月收入情况如下： (1)取得工资、薪金17000元； (2)取得劳务报酬收入4000元； (3)取得特许权使用费收入18000元； (4)购物中奖获得奖金20000元。 [要求]14. 计算王某5月份工资、薪金应纳的个人所得税。(17000-2000)×20%-375=2625(元)15. 计算王某劳务报酬收入应纳的个人所得税。(4000-800)×20%=640(元)16. 计算王某特许权使用费收入应纳的个人所得税。18000×(1-20%)×20%=2880(元)17. 计算王某购物中奖收入应纳的个人所得税。 附：工资、薪金所得税税率表(部分级距)级数全月应纳税所得额税率速算扣除数12345不超过500元的部分超过500元不到2000元的部分超过2000元不到5000元的部分超过5000元不到20000元的部分超过20000元不到40000元的部分5%10%15%20%25%025125375137520000×20%=4000(元) 李某2010年5月工资收入为4000元；出版一书取得稿酬3800元，当月还取得一次性劳务报酬收入4000元，取得财产租赁收入5000元，获得省政府颁发奖金5000元，偶然所得1000元。 [要求] 计算李某在5月份应纳的个人所得税。
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