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passage threeOn January 10, 1962, an enormous piece of glacier broke awayand tumbled down the side of a mountain in Peru. A mereseven minutes later, when cascading ice finally came to a stopten miles down the mountain; it had taken the lives of 4,000people. This disaster is one of the most “devastating”examples of a verycommon event: an avalanche of snow or ice. Because it isextremely cold at very high altitudes, snow rarely melts. It justkeeps piling up higher and higher. Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow isso great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. But most avalanches occur long beforethis happens. As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which theslightest vibration will send it sliding into the valley below. Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian catastrophe was particularlyterrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice. It is estimated that the ice that broke offweighed three million tons. As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snowplough, it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed thesix villages that lay in its path. At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but, luckily, they arevery rare. Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try tounderstand what causes them. In the future, perhaps dangerous masses of snow and ice can befound and removed before they take human lives. In this passage "devastating" means ______.
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In many businesses, computers have largely replaced paperwork, because they are fast, flexible, and do not make mistakes. As one banker said, “Unlike humans, computers never have a bad day." And they are honest. Many banks advertise that their transactions are “untouched by human hands" and therefore safe from human temptation. Obviously, computers have no reason to steal money. But they also have no conscience, and the growing number of computer crimes shows they can be used to steal. Computer criminals don’t use guns. And even if they are caught, it is hard to punish them because there are no witness and often no evidence. A computer cannot remember who used it: it simply does what it is told. The head teller at a New York bank used a computer to steal more than one and a half billion dollars in just four years. No one noticed this theft (盗窃) because he moved the money from one account to another. Each time a customer he had robbed questioned the balance in his account, the teller claimed a computer error, then replaced the missing money from someone else’s account. This man was caught only because he was a gambler. When the police broke up an illegal gambling operation, his name was in the records. Some employees use the computer’s power to get revenge (报复) on their employers they consider unfair. Recently, a large insurance company fired its computer-tape librarian for reasons that involved her personal rather than her professional life. She was given thirty days notice. In those thirty days, she erased all the firm’s computerized records. Most computer criminals have been minor employees. Now police wonder if this is “the tip of the iceberg." As one official says, “I have the feeling that there is more crime out there than we are catching. What we are seeing now is all so poorly done. I wonder what the real experts are doing — the ones who know how a computer works." The bank teller covered up his crime by
passage twoI live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness. Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion. Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends. I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful individuals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells “happiness”。 But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness. Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and lesssatisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out ever they want and sleep as late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. In the author’s opinion, marriage___.
passage twoI live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness. Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion. Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends. I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful individuals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells “happiness”。 But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness. Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and lesssatisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out ever they want and sleep as late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. To the author, Hollywood stars all have an important role to play that is to __.
passage threeOn January 10, 1962, an enormous piece of glacier broke awayand tumbled down the side of a mountain in Peru. A mereseven minutes later, when cascading ice finally came to a stopten miles down the mountain; it had taken the lives of 4,000people. This disaster is one of the most “devastating”examples of a verycommon event: an avalanche of snow or ice. Because it isextremely cold at very high altitudes, snow rarely melts. It justkeeps piling up higher and higher. Glaciers are eventually created when the weight of the snow isso great that the lower layers are pressed into solid ice. But most avalanches occur long beforethis happens. As snow accumulates on a steep slope, it reaches a critical point at which theslightest vibration will send it sliding into the valley below. Even an avalanche of light power can be dangerous, but the Peruvian catastrophe was particularlyterrible because it was caused by a heavy layer of ice. It is estimated that the ice that broke offweighed three million tons. As it crashed down the steep mountainside like a gigantic snowplough, it swept up trees, boulders and tons of topsoil, and completely crushed and destroyed thesix villages that lay in its path. At present there is no way to predict or avoid such enormous avalanches, but, luckily, they arevery rare. Scientists are constantly studying the smaller, more common avalanches, to try tounderstand what causes them. In the future, perhaps dangerous masses of snow and ice can befound and removed before they take human lives. The first paragraph catches the reader’s attention with a _____.
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