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Passage One The first 10 months of last year saw more than 270,000 Chinese workers going abroad to work, the People’s Daily Overseas Edition reported. Currently, about 4 million Chinese workers, or 0.3 percent of the country’s population, are working in foreign countries, the newspaper said. They are living a very different and difficult life, far from home and family members. Their security and living conditions have raised concern at home and abroad. In a recent incident, five Chinese telecom workers were kidnapped in Nigeria (尼日利 [非洲中西部国家). Although they were released safely on Wednesday, the general living and working conditions of Chinese workers in that country has raised worry. There are more than 300 Chinese companies running businesses in Nigeria, involved such fields as petroleum, household appliances, and cell phones. A worker, surnamed Zhang, working for a Chinese telecom company in Nigeria, told People’s Daily that his job always required him to work outdoors. He could not be sure of having three square meals a day, or even a daily bath. Worse, malaria (疟疾) was a common disease among his colleagues. Besides their work, they also had to engage in public relations activities with the local communities. In big cities like Lagos (尼日利亚的首都), due to bad road conditions, frequent power blackouts (中断), and few public places of entertainment for the Chinese, most workers chose not to go out in the evenings, the newspaper said. Chinese workers can also be found in war-stricken countries. In Baghdad, capital of Iraq, there are about 20 telecom workers besides the Chinese diplomatic staff. Hundreds of Chinese workers are also in the Kurdistan (库尔德斯坦[在西南亚]) area of north Iraq. Most of them are working for a Norwegian oil company in exploration work. They receive a monthly salary of about $1,000 and are under the protection of the Kurdistan military, making it difficult for them to socialize with the local community. Alegria too has a large number of Chinese workers. Peng Guichen, in charge of labor services in Algeria under the China State Construction International Group, told People’s Daily there are more than 9,000 workers. Most of them were skilled, like electrical engineers, carpenters and bricklayers. "The reason they are working here is very simple--to make money," Peng told the newspaper. The monthly salaries ranged from US$400 to US$800. The number of Chinese workers going abroad has steadily increased since 2003, according to the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Why are so many Chinese workers willing to work abroad in spite of poor conditions
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男，58岁。上前牙反复肿痛4年，要求诊治。年轻时左上前牙有洞曾在医院治过。检查见右上2大面积黄白色充填物边缘发黑，叩痛(±)；右上3牙尖部折断牙冠变色，叩痛(-)，右上2、3之间唇侧龈近根尖部有瘘管口。 温度测验结果右上l23均无反应，X线片检查见右上2根尖周有约3mm×5mmX线透射区，边缘弥散。确定瘘管的病源牙的检查是( )
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Planning and People In all kinds of organizations--companies, schools, hospitals, etc. --decisions appear correct in theory but do not work in practice. There are many reasons for this. To illustrate the problems involved we will consider four cases where different decisions have to be taken. Case No. 1 The manager of a shipping company was interested in using large metal containers for the company’s cargo instead of conventional methods of loading and unloading. He discovered that the use of containers was less expensive and quicker than conventional methods. More cargo could be sent at one time and delays on the way were shorter. The only major disadvantage (apart from the initial cost of the containers) was that not all ships could take them. However, the manager believed that his company could find enough ships for their containers. His plan to use containers was adopted by the board of directors. Unfortunately, however, it was never put into practice. The dockers heard about the plan and did not like it. The reason was that the containers would make about a quarter of the dockers redundant. The plan was killed. The comparison of containers with conventional methods is shown in the following table.AdvantagesDisadvantagesContainers1. less freight expenses2. quicker delivery3. more cargo can be sent at one time4. shorter delays on the way 1. not all ships can take them2. heavy initial cost Conventionalmethods 1. all ships can use them2. no need to spend money on the containers 1. more freight expenses2. slower delivery3. less cargo can be sent at one time4. longer delays on the way Case No. 2 A solar pump was built in a small desert village. The pump used the desert’s most common resource-sunlight, to increase its greatest necessity-water. Solar collectors were used to collect the sun’s rays. Flat collectors can be stationary and do not have moving parts which can be broken in sand storms. The system used the 20 degree centigrade temperature difference between the solar collectors and the ground water to work a gas expansion engine which pumped water from under the ground. Some of the social effects of the new pumps were planned for. Children aged 6 to15 used to bring the water from wells, where they met the old men of the village and received informal education from them. In order to replace this, a school was also included in the project. But the project had not considered the traditional power structure of the village. As soon as the foreign experts left, the two richest men in the village took control of the pump and started selling water to everyone else. The result was that the majority of people were poorer than before.Case No. 3 In 1946 there was a program in the Rio Grande valley to substitute hybrid corn for the native corn. The native corn was of poor nutritional quality and gave a poor quantity of grain while the hybrid corn was of excellent quality and gave about three times as large a crop as the native variety. In the first year half of the 84 farmers in the village planted hybrid corn and doubled the corn production. Three years later, however, only three farmers planted hybrid corn. The others were planting the traditional variety. At the beginning of the project the program leader studied the ecology of the area and showed films demonstrating the superiority of the new corn. The farmers agreed that the hybrid corn had great advantages. The size of the crop confirmed these advantages. Why did they stop planting it The answer was simple: their wives did not like it. They complained that it wasn’t good for cooking and they didn’t like the flavor.Case No. 4 The manager of a large office building had received many complaints about the lift service in the building. He engaged a group of engineers to study the situation and make recommendations for improvement. The engineers suggested two alternative solutions: 1. adding more lifts of the same types; 2. replacing the existing lifts by faster ones. The manager decided that both alternative solutions were too expensive. So the firm’s psychologist offered to study the problem. He noticed that many people arrived at their offices feeling angry and impatient. The reason they gave was the length of time they had to wait for the lift. However, the psychologist was impressed by the fact that they had only had to wait a relatively short time. It occurred to him that the reason for their annoyance was the fact they had to stand by the lifts inactive. He suggested a simple, inexpensive solution to the manager. This was adopted and complaints stopped immediately. The solution was to place a large mirror next to the lifts. Three of these cases show failure, and one success. What conclusions can be made about the decision involved First, in any decision, some considerations are more relevant than others. It is a mistake to attempt to, solve a problem in engineering terms when the problem is a psychological one. Similarly, it is wrong to concentrate on the social effects of a new invention if it is mechanically inadequate. It is a mistake to attempt to improve one part of a system if the whole system has to be changed. Secondly, there is a more fundamental question. A solution may be technically very crude but will work because people are enthusiastic about it. Some projects predict negative human reactions but are unable to persuade people that the project is right. Other projects fail because of indifference--people neither like it nor dislike it-they just do not think it is necessary. A project will be successful only if the people involved believe that it is necessary and valuable for their own lives. Some people believe that in these cases the plans are right but the people are wrong. History, however, has shown this belief to be dangerous. Sunlight is the desert’s most common resource while fresh air is the desert’s greatest necessity.
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