Passage Three We assumed ethics needed the seal of certainty, else it was non-rational. And certainty was to be produced by a deductive model: the correct actions were derivable from classical first principles or a hierarchically ranked pantheon of principles. This model, though, is bankrupt. I suggest we think of ethics as analogous to language usage. There are no univocal rules of grammar and style which uniquely determine the best sentence for a particular situation. Nor is language usage universalizable. Although a sentence or phrase is warranted in one case, it does not mean it is automatically appropriate in like circumstances. Nonetheless, language usage is not subjective. This should not surprise us in the least. All intellectual pursuits are relativistic in just these senses. Political science, psychology, chemistry, and physics are not certain, but they are not subjective either. As I see it, ethnical inquiry proceeds like this: we are taught moral principles by parents, teachers, and society at large. As we grow older we become exposed to competing views. These may lead us to reevaluate presently held beliefs. Or we may find ourselves inexplicably making certain valuations, possibly because of inherited altruistic tendencies. We may "learn the hard way" that some actions generate unacceptable consequences. Or we may reflect upon our own and others’ "theories" or patterns of behavior and decide they are inconsistent. The resulting views are "tested"; we act as we think we should and evaluate the consequences of those actions on ourselves and on others. We thereby correct our mistakes in light of the test of time. Of course people make different moral judgments; of course we cannot resolve these differences by using some algorithm which is itself beyond judgment. We have no vantage point outside human experience where we can judge right and wrong, good and bad. But then we don’t have a vantage point from where we can be philosophical relativists either. We are left within the real world, trying to cope with ourselves, with each other, with the world, and with our own fallibility. We do not have all the moral answers, nor do we have an algorithm to discern those answers, neither do we possess an algorithm for determining correct language usage but that does not make us throw up our hands in despair because we can no longer communicate. If we understand ethics in this way, we can see, I think, the real value of ethical theory. Some people talk as if ethical theories give us moral prescriptions. They think we should apply ethical principles as we would a poultice: after diagnosing the ailment, we apply the appropriate dressing. But that is a mistake. No theory provides a set of abstract solutions to apply straightforwardly. Ethical theories are important not because they solve all moral dilemmas but because they help us notice salient features of moral problems and help us understand those problems in context. Ethical principles are generally thought to be ______.
A. explicitly clear
B. implicitly vague
C. certain but non-rational
D. relative but not subjective
印象管理是心理学家库利、戈夫曼等人提出的,他们认为一个个体总是希望获得别人和社会的赞同,并想控制社会交往的结果,所以,我们每个人都非常注意自己在他人面前和社交场合中的形象。这种形象包括语言、仪态、穿着、动作等。印象管理是一个社会的基本事实,每个人有意无意地都在进行印象管理。 这段文字的作者可能不赞同以下哪个观点( )
A. 形象应作为一个人最为重要的基本素质之一
B. 世界上成功的巨人们无不在乎自己的形象
C. 无论我们认为从外表衡量人是多么的肤浅和愚蠢,但社会上的人每时每刻都在根据你的服饰、发型、手势、声调、语言等自我表达方式判断着你
D. 关于形象的印象无时无刻不在影响着人的工作升迁、商业交易、人际关系甚至是自尊和自信,并最终影响内心的幸福感