题目内容

When did the first concerns on antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock emerge?

A. 1950's
B. 1970's
C. 1990's

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What is the fitness cost of resistance?

A. Thermosensitivity.
B. A reduced growth yield in the absence of antibiotics.
C. A reduced growth rate in the absence of antibiotics

What is the critical step to analyze the impact of antibiotics on a bacterial population?

A. Sampling of bacterial isolates to be analyzed
B. Genome sequencing
C. Antibiogram

Considering gene exchange mechanisms in bacteria, which ones of the following elements are conjugative?

A. Plasmids and ICEs.
B. Integrons.
C. Transposons.

What is the most important Horizontal Gene Transfer mechanism in terms of antibiotic resistance spread?

A. Transformation
B. Transduction
Conjugation

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