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45. Which of the following statements best sums up Para. 6?
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PASSAGE TWO (1) The Nobels are the originals, of course. Alfred Nobel, the man who invented deadly explosives, decided to try and do something good with all the money he earned, and gave prizes to people who made progress in literature, science, economics and – perhaps most importantly – peace. (2) Not all awards are as noble as the Nobels. Even though most countries have a system for recognizing, honoring and rewarding people who have done something good in their countries, there are now hundreds of awards and awards ceremonies for all kinds of things. (3) The Oscars are probably the most famous, a time for the (mostly) American film industry to tell itself how good it is, an annual opportunity for big stars to give each other awards and make tearful speeches. As well as that there are also the Golden Globes, apparently for the same thing. (4) But it’s not only films – now there are also Grammies, Brits, the Mercury Prize and the MTV and Q awards for music. In Britain, a writer who wins the Booker prize can expect to see their difficult, literary novel hit the bestseller lists and compete with “The Da Vinci Code” for popularity. The Turner Prize is an award for a British contemporary artist – each year it causes controversy by apparently giving lots of money to artists who do things like displaying their beds, put animals in glass cases or – this year – build a garden shed. (5) Awards don’t only exist for the arts. There are now awards for Sports Personality of the Year, for European Footballer of the year and World Footballer of the Year. This seems very strange – sometimes awards can be good to give recognition to people who deserve it, or to help people who don’t make a lot of money carry on their work without worrying about finances, but professional soccer players these days certainly aren’t short of cash! (6) Many small towns and communities all over the world also have their own awards ceremonies, for local writers or artists, or just for people who have graduated from high school or got a university degree. Even the British Council has its own awards for “Innovation in English Language Teaching”. (7) Why have all these awards and ceremonies appeared recently? Shakespeare never won a prize, nor did Leonardo da Vinci or Adam Smith or Charles Dickens. (8) It would be possible to say, however, that in the past, scientists and artists could win “patronage” from rich people – a king or a lord would give the artist or scientist money to have them paint their palaces or help them develop new ways of making money. With the change in social systems across the world, this no longer happens. Scientific research is now either funded by the government or by private companies. (9) Perhaps awards ceremonies are just the most recent face of this process. (10) However, there is more to it than that. When a film wins an Oscar, many more people will go and see it, or buy the DVD. When a writer wins the Nobel prize, many more people buy their books. When a group wins the MTV awards, the ceremony is seen by hundreds of thousands of people across the world. The result? The group sells slots more records. (11) Most awards ceremonies are now sponsored by big organizations or companies. This means that it is not only the person who wins the award who benefits – but also the sponsors. The MTV awards, for example, are great for publicizing not only music, but also MTV itself! (12) On the surface, it seems to be a “win-win” situation, with everyone being happy, but let me ask you a question – how far do you think that publicity and marketing are winning here, and how much genuine recognition of achievement is taking place?43. What is the author’s tone when he mentions awards such as the Oscars, the Golden Globes and Grammies (Paras. 3 & 4)?
PART V READING COMPREHENSION [35 MIN]SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by ten multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE (1) The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish colonies which were free from the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to escape the controls placed on their lives by kings and governments, priests and churched, noblemen and aristocrats. The historic decisions made by those first settlers have had a profound effect on the shaping of the American character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy, they created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual. Individual freedom is probably the most basic of all American values. By “freedom,” Americans mean the desire and the ability of all individuals to control their own destiny without outside interference from the government, a ruling noble class, the church, or any other organized authority. (2) There is, however, a price to be paid for this individual freedom: self-reliance. It means that Americans believe that they should stand on their own feet, achieving both financial and emotional independence from their parents as early as possible, usually by age 18 or 21. (3) A second important reason why immigrants have traditionally been drawn to the United States is the belief that everyone has an equal chance to enter a chance and succeed in the game. Because titles of nobility were forbidden in the Constitution, no formal class system developed in the US. (4) There is, however, a price to be paid for this equality of opportunity: competition. If much of life is seen as a race, then a person must run the race in order to succeed; a person must compete with others. The pressures of competition in the life of an American begin in childhood and continue until retirement from work. In fact, any group of people who does no compete successfully does not fit into the mainstream of American life as well as those who do. (5) A third reason why immigrants have traditionally come to the United States is to have a better life. Because of its abundant natural resources, the United States appeared to be a “land of plenty” where millions could come to seek their fortunes. The phrase “going from rags to riches” became a slogan for the American dream. Many people did achieve material success. Material wealth became a value to the American people, and it also became an accepted measure of social status. (6) Americans pay a price, however, for their material wealth: hard work. Hard work has been both necessary and rewarding for most Americans throughout their history. In some ways, material possessions are seen as evidence of people’s abilities. Barry Goldwater, a candidate for the presidency in 1964, said that most poor people are poor because they deserve to be. Most Americans would find this a harsh statement, but many might think there was some truth in it. (7) These basic values do not tell the whole story of the American character. Rather, they should be thought of as themes, as we continue to explore more facets of the American character and how it affects life in the United States.41. Para. 4 seems to suggest that _______.
PART IV CLOZE [10 MIN]Decide which of the words given in the box below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blank. The words can be used ONCE ONLY. Mark the letter for each word on ANSWER SHEET TWO.A. accompanies B. automatically C. couple D. goes E. indebtedness F. kind G. manner H. mercifully I. one J. obeyK. renowned L. subscribe M. unknown N. virtue O. widespread A few years ago, a university professor tried a little experiment. He sent Christmas cards to a sample of perfect strangers. Although he expected some reaction, the response he received was amazing – holiday cards addressed to him came pouring back from the people who had never met nor heard of him. The great majority of those who returned a card never inquired into the identity of the ______ (31) professor. They received his holiday greeting card, and they ______ (32) sent one in return. This study shows the action of one of the most powerful of weapons of influence around us – the rule of reciprocation. The rule says that we should try to repay, in ______ (33), what another person has provided us. If a woman does us a favor, we should do her ______ (34) in return; if a man sends us a birthday present, we should remember his birthday with a gift of our own; if a ______ (35) invites us to a party, we should be sure to invite them to one of ours. By ______ (36) of the reciprocity rule, then, we are obliged to the future repayment of favors, gifts, invitations, and the like. So typical is it for ______ (37) to company the receipt of such things that a term like “much obliged” has become a synonym for “thank you,” not only in the English language but in others as well. The impressive aspect of the rule of reciprocation and the sense of obligation that ______ (38) with it is its pervasiveness in human culture. It is so ______ (39) that after intensive study, sociologists can report that there is no human society that does not ______ (40) to the rule.
PART IV CLOZE [10 MIN]Decide which of the words given in the box below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blank. The words can be used ONCE ONLY. Mark the letter for each word on ANSWER SHEET TWO.A. accompaniesB. automaticallyC. coupleD. goesE. indebtednessF. kindG. mannerH. mercifullyI. oneJ. obeyK. renownedL. subscribeM. unknownN. virtueO. widespread A. accompanies B. automatically C. couple D. goes E. indebtedness F. kind G. manner H. mercifully I. one J. obey K. renowned L. subscribe M. unknown N. virtue O. widespread A few years ago, a university professor tried a little experiment. He sent Christmas cards to a sample of perfect strangers. Although he expected some reaction, the response he received was amazing – holiday cards addressed to him came pouring back from the people who had never met nor heard of him. The great majority of those who returned a card never inquired into the identity of the ______ (31) professor. They received his holiday greeting card, and they ______ (32) sent one in return. This study shows the action of one of the most powerful of weapons of influence around us – the rule of reciprocation. The rule says that we should try to repay, in ______ (33), what another person has provided us. If a woman does us a favor, we should do her______ (34) in return; if a man sends us a birthday present, we should remember his birthday with a gift of our own; if a ______ (35) invites us to a party, we should be sure to invite them to one of ours. By ______ (36) of the reciprocity rule, then, we are obliged to the future repayment of favors, gifts, invitations, and the like. So typical is it for ______ (37) to company the receipt of such things that a term like “much obliged” has become a synonym for “thank you,” not only in the English language but in others as well. The impressive aspect of the rule of reciprocation and the sense of obligation that ______ (38) with it is its pervasiveness in human culture. It is so ______ (39) that after intensive study, sociologists can report that there is no human society that does not ______ (40) to the rule.
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