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Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Radiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American.The largest single source of man-made radiation in medical x-rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons test fallout, since strontium-90 and carbon-14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime. (46)The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial; indeed, the last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation.A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with x-rays contracted cancer. Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given x-rays. (47)These studies have pointed to the need to re-examine the assumption that exposure to low linear energy transfer presented only a minor risk.Recently, examination of the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant which produces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancers of the pancreas, lung, bone marrow and lymph systems than would have been expected in a normal population.(48)While the National Academy of Sciences committee attributes these differences to chemical or other environmental causes, rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk. (49)It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over many generations, would lead to an increase of one percent in the number of 1,000 disorders per million births.In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, and inconsistent, characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate report concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. (50)One Federal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated Federal program has resigned. One Federal agency has been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated Federal program has resigned.
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In New York, there is now a school with no daily lessons, no class teachers, not even a school building. The "school" is a now project. It is called "City-as-School" and the name means just that, the city itself is the place where, 350 students, between the age of 15 and 18, learn their lessons. Students choose areas of work which interest them and then they help to do that work. For instance, one girl spends her week in the offices of a Congresswoman — an elected official — helping the public with problems such as pensions, housing, etc. Then she goes to help in a theatre for a day and she spends one day a week taking first-year courses at college. City-as-School is 30 years old. The education system in New York accepts it now, as an alternative to final years at school. But can it replace ordinary lessons Well, students have to pass maths and science exams before they enter the "school". These Subjects are not easy to provide for in "City-as-School". Tethers monitor the progress of the students, 80 to 85% of the students go to college (or university, ms it is called in Britain) .after their time at "City-as-School". The success rate is high. And the students are enthusiastic about their "school". They like the responsibility of their work, and the sense of purpose it gives them. When the students leave "City-as-School", they don’t have a normal academic education; but they do know a lot about different kinds of work in the city! The students at "City-as-School" CANNOT get ______.
The problem to be taken up and the point at which the search for a solution will begin are customarily prescribed by the investigator (1) a subject participating in an (2) on thinking (or by the programmer for a computer). (3) , prevailing techniques of (4) in the psychology of thinking have invited (5) of the motivational aspects of thinking. The conditions that determine when the person will begin to think in (6) to some other activity, what he will think about, what direction his thinking will take, and when he will regard his search for a solution as successfully terminated (or abandon it as not worth pursuing further) (7) are beginning to attract investigation. (8) much thinking is aimed at (9) ends, special motivational problems are raised by "disinterested" thinking, in which the (10) of an answer to a question is a source of satisfaction in itself.For computer specialists, the detection of a mismatch between the formula that the program so far has (11) and some formula or set of requirements that (12) a solution is what impels continuation of the search and determines the direction it will (13) .Neo-behaviorists (like psychoanalysts) have made much of secondary (14) value and stimulus generalization; i. e. , the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembles or has (15) accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explanation becomes apparent, (16) , when the importance of novelty, surprise, complexity, incongruity, ambiguity, and (17) is considered. Inconsistency between beliefs, between items of incoming sensory information, or between one’s belief and an item of sensory information (18) can be a source of discomfort impelling a (19) for resolution through reorganization of belief (20) or through selective acquisition of new information. Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.16（）
The problem to be taken up and the point at which the search for a solution will begin are customarily prescribed by the investigator (1) a subject participating in an (2) on thinking (or by the programmer for a computer). (3) , prevailing techniques of (4) in the psychology of thinking have invited (5) of the motivational aspects of thinking. The conditions that determine when the person will begin to think in (6) to some other activity, what he will think about, what direction his thinking will take, and when he will regard his search for a solution as successfully terminated (or abandon it as not worth pursuing further) (7) are beginning to attract investigation. (8) much thinking is aimed at (9) ends, special motivational problems are raised by "disinterested" thinking, in which the (10) of an answer to a question is a source of satisfaction in itself.For computer specialists, the detection of a mismatch between the formula that the program so far has (11) and some formula or set of requirements that (12) a solution is what impels continuation of the search and determines the direction it will (13) .Neo-behaviorists (like psychoanalysts) have made much of secondary (14) value and stimulus generalization; i. e. , the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembles or has (15) accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explanation becomes apparent, (16) , when the importance of novelty, surprise, complexity, incongruity, ambiguity, and (17) is considered. Inconsistency between beliefs, between items of incoming sensory information, or between one’s belief and an item of sensory information (18) can be a source of discomfort impelling a (19) for resolution through reorganization of belief (20) or through selective acquisition of new information. Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.18（）
The problem to be taken up and the point at which the search for a solution will begin are customarily prescribed by the investigator (1) a subject participating in an (2) on thinking (or by the programmer for a computer). (3) , prevailing techniques of (4) in the psychology of thinking have invited (5) of the motivational aspects of thinking. The conditions that determine when the person will begin to think in (6) to some other activity, what he will think about, what direction his thinking will take, and when he will regard his search for a solution as successfully terminated (or abandon it as not worth pursuing further) (7) are beginning to attract investigation. (8) much thinking is aimed at (9) ends, special motivational problems are raised by "disinterested" thinking, in which the (10) of an answer to a question is a source of satisfaction in itself.For computer specialists, the detection of a mismatch between the formula that the program so far has (11) and some formula or set of requirements that (12) a solution is what impels continuation of the search and determines the direction it will (13) .Neo-behaviorists (like psychoanalysts) have made much of secondary (14) value and stimulus generalization; i. e. , the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembles or has (15) accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explanation becomes apparent, (16) , when the importance of novelty, surprise, complexity, incongruity, ambiguity, and (17) is considered. Inconsistency between beliefs, between items of incoming sensory information, or between one’s belief and an item of sensory information (18) can be a source of discomfort impelling a (19) for resolution through reorganization of belief (20) or through selective acquisition of new information. Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.5（）
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