A new examination of urban policies has been carded out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 1 development. She warns that many of the world"s fast-growing urban areas, 2 in developing countries, will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 These gases are known to have great 5 on the atmosphere. "Climate change is a deeply local issue and 6 profound threats to the growing cities of the world," says Romero Lankao, "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 7 their residents. "Cities are 8 sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao"s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 9 .The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 10 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 11 paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be 12 serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may 13 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 14 access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services.Local governments, 15 , should take measures to protect their residents. "Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric 16 meaningful responses," Romero Lankao writes, "They don"t impose construction standards 17 could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don"t emphasize mass transit and reduce 18 use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach (不插手的政策)." Thus, she urges them to change their 19 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change 20 cities.
A. provide
B. improve
C. lack
D. update
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A new examination of urban policies has been carded out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 1 development. She warns that many of the world"s fast-growing urban areas, 2 in developing countries, will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 These gases are known to have great 5 on the atmosphere. "Climate change is a deeply local issue and 6 profound threats to the growing cities of the world," says Romero Lankao, "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 7 their residents. "Cities are 8 sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao"s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 9 .The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 10 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 11 paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be 12 serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may 13 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 14 access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services.Local governments, 15 , should take measures to protect their residents. "Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric 16 meaningful responses," Romero Lankao writes, "They don"t impose construction standards 17 could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don"t emphasize mass transit and reduce 18 use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach (不插手的政策)." Thus, she urges them to change their 19 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change 20 cities.
A. without
B. with
C. through
D. by
New knowledge and sophisticated diagnostic techniques are helping doctors recognize early signs of autism, Alzheimer"s disease and heart problems in women. Harvard experts report on the advances that are giving patients hope.Early diagnosis of autism is critical because educational programs that build upon a child"s strengths and improve social skills may help sculpt the developing brain, minimizing the impact of the illness later in life. But spotting the disorder is hard since there is no test for it, although scientists are slowly uncovering gene abnormalities that make children vulnerable to autism. Last week The New England Journal of Medicine reported that a specific location on chromosome 16 was the site of mutations responsible for some cases of autism.For now, diagnosis depends on observing a child"s behavior. It"s a complex process, since no two cases are alike and signs range from mild to severe. Indeed, even though signs of autism may be apparent before their first birthday, most children aren"t diagnosed until the age of 3. That makes parents, who are so intimately familiar with their child"s behavior, perhaps the most effective diagnostic "tools". The American Academy of Pediatrics recently issued screening guidelines recommending that pediatricians engage parents in evaluating infants for autism. Even babies developing typically, the guidelines say, should be screened at set intervals, such as during the 9-, 18- and 24-month visits.Alzheimer"s disease, which begins years, even decades, before it causes symptoms, is a quietly ticking time bomb. But until recently doctors had no diagnostic test that could "hear" the ticking. Unfortunately, it didn"t matter much that Alzheimer"s couldn"t be spotted early—at a stage called mild cognitive impairment, or MCI—since there were no treatments. Today, however, there are new diagnostic tests that can detect Alzheimer"s at an early stage, and several disease-modifying drugs are in advanced clinical trials.The brain shrinkage caused by Alzheimer"s can now be measured with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This technique takes a series of MRI brain scans and then uses sophisticated mathematical models to analyze the results. Most important, volumetric MRI enables researchers to identify subtle shrinkage in brain areas first affected by Alzheimer"s, such as the hippocampus, which is involved in memory.Another technology in limited clinical use is fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Images produced by FDG-PET reveal patterns of glucose metabolism in the cerebral cortex, the site of abstract thought, reasoning and learning. Because active neurons guzzle glucose for energy, diminished uptake in a specific pattern can denote Alzheimer"s. In the research setting, scientists have even used FDG-PET to identify people who do not yet have Alzheimer"s but are at risk for developing it, or for developing mild cognitive impairment.Although all these new imaging and biochemical developments are individually promising, the combination of several different imaging tests and biochemical markers may yield the most accurate diagnosis. For example, scientists at the New York University School of Medicine have reported that combining volumetric MRI of the hippocampus with spinal-fluid measures improved diagnostic accuracy in identifying people with mild cognitive impairment who are most likely to progress to Alzheimer"s.When it comes to diagnosing the most common kind of heart disease, some cardiologists share Henry Higgins"s lament in "My Fair Lady": "Why can"t a woman be more like a man" That"s because many women don"t have the typical symptoms, like crushing chest pain and shortness of breath brought on by physical activity or stress. Instead, they have diffuse discomfort in the chest, unusual exhaustion or depression without an apparent reason. To make matters worse, the tests considered best at diagnosing coronary-artery disease generally don"t work as well for women as they do for men. As a result, an alarming number of women with heart disease go undiagnosed and untreated despite repeated visits to the doctor and the emergency room.A. because there still exists no test for diagnosis by nowB. because many women don"t have the typical symptoms like men for diagnosisC. the pattern of glucose metabolismD. with volumetric magnetic resonance imagingE. the most efficient technology for diagnosing Alzheimer is combination of different technologiesF. those babies without autism when they start to say single words by 16 monthsG. the symptoms of heart disease often result from cholesterol-filled plaques. There are an alarming number of women with heart disease who go undiagnosed because ______.
Imagine a classroom where the instructors speak a foreign language and the students can"t take notes, turn to a textbook, or ask any questions. Yet at the end of the final exam, one participant may face life in jail or even death. That"s the task handed to American jurors, briefly thrown together to decide accused criminals" fate.In "A Trial by Jury," Princeton history professor D. Graham Burnett offers a rare glimpse inside jury deliberations at a New York murder trial where he served as foreman last year. According to the prosecutor, the case seems clear cut: a sexual encounter between two men went wrong. The defendant stabbed his victim 26 times, but claims he acted in self-defense, killing a man who was attempting to rape him. Burnett opens with a detailed description of the crime. He then introduces the characters and walks readers through the 10-day trial. You hear the testimony of witnesses dressed in strange clothes and find yourself put off by a growling prosecutor and the judge"s indifference. Once retreated in the jury room, confusion reigns. Most jurors don"t understand the charges or the meaning of self-defense. Uninterested jurors seem more concerned about missing appointments. On the third day, one juror runs to a bathroom in tears after exchanging curses. By the final day, nearly everyone cries.Though he"s no more familiar with the law than the other jurors, who include a vacuum-cleaner repairman and a software developer, it"s fitting that Burnett is a teacher. For us, he serves as a patient instructor, illustrating with his experience just what a remarkable and sometimes remarkably strange duty serving on a jury can be.For many citizens, jury duty is their first exposure to our justice system. Jurors discover first hand the gap between law and justice. They face two flawed versions of the same event, offered by witnesses they may not believe. We assume jurors will take their job seriously. We expect them to digest complicated definitions that leave lawyers confused.But as Burnett quickly discovers, jurors receive little help. The judge offers them no guidance about how to conduct themselves and races through his delivery of the murder charges. Only within the past decade have we finally abandoned the misconception that jurors naturally reach the right decision without any assistance. Led by Arizona, states have instituted jury reforms as simple as letting jurors take notes or obtain written copies of their instructions. It"s not clear whether these changes improve the quality of justice, but the reforms certainly ensure that jurors leave their tour of duty with better feelings about the experience. Unfortunately, such reforms hadn"t come yet to New York at the time of this trial. Nonetheless, Burnett and his fellow jurors grope toward their own solution, ultimately reaching what he describes as an "avowedly imperfect" result. The description of what happened inside the jury room seems to suggest that ______
A. better-educated people should be selected as jurors
B. jurors should keep their heads cool and try not to be sentimental
C. there is much room for reaching an arbitrary and flawed verdict
D. the judge should have given the jurors clear instruction about what to do
A new examination of urban policies has been carded out recently by Patricia Romero Lankao. She is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 1 development. She warns that many of the world"s fast-growing urban areas, 2 in developing countries, will likely suffer from the impacts of changing climate. Her work also concludes that most cities are failing to 3 emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 These gases are known to have great 5 on the atmosphere. "Climate change is a deeply local issue and 6 profound threats to the growing cities of the world," says Romero Lankao, "But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 7 their residents. "Cities are 8 sources of greenhouse gases. And urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankao"s findings highlight ways in which city-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 9 .The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential 10 associated with climate include storm surges and prolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat 11 paved cities more than surrounding areas. The impacts of such natural events can be 12 serious in an urban environment. For example, a prolonged heat wave can increase existing levels of air pollution, causing widespread health problems. Poorer neighborhoods that may 13 basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads, are especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Many residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 14 access to reliable drinking water, roads and basic services.Local governments, 15 , should take measures to protect their residents. "Unfortunately, they tend to move towards rhetoric 16 meaningful responses," Romero Lankao writes, "They don"t impose construction standards 17 could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They don"t emphasize mass transit and reduce 18 use. In fact, many local governments are taking a hands-off approach (不插手的政策)." Thus, she urges them to change their 19 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change 20 cities.
A. threats
B. interests
C. functions
D. differences