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Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat This question is interesting for a number of masons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals’ understanding, research on serf- recognition in animals has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of serf-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children. The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for ten consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of serf-directed responses increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and picking at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, "Marge used the mirror to play with and inspect the bottom of her feet; she also looked at herself upside down in the mirror while suspended by her feet from the top of the cage; she was also observed to stuff celery leaves up her nose using the mirror for purposes of visually guiding the stems into each nostril." Then the researchers devised a further test of serf-recognition. The chimps were anesthetized and marks were placed over their eyebrows and behind their ears, areas the chimps could not directly observe. The mirror was temporarily removed from the cage, and baseline data regarding their attempts in touch these areas were recorded. The data clearly suggest that chimps do recognize themselves, or are self-aware, for their attempts to touch the marks increased when they viewed themselves. Citing further evidence for this argument, Gallup noted that chimpanzees with no prior mirror experience did not direct behavior to the marks when they were first exposed to the mirror; that is, the other chimpanzees appeared to have remembered what they looked like and do have responded to the marks because they noticed changes in their appearance. The author of the passage probably______.
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Everything seemed to have become a weapon of war. Our enemies had (1) the most familiar objects (2) us, turned shaving kits into holsters and airplanes (3) missiles and soccer coaches and newlyweds into involuntary suicide bombers. So it was (4) the President and his generals to plot the response.That is because we are (5) one enemy but two: one unseen, the other inside. Terror on this scale (6) to wreck the way we live our lives-make us flinch when a siren sounds, (7) when a door slams and think twice before deciding (8) we really have to take a plane. If we falter, they win, (9) they never plant another bomb. So after the early helplessness, what can I do I’ve already given blood-people started to realize that (10) they could do was exactly, as precisely as possible, (11) they would have done if all this (12) .That was the spirit (13) in New York and Washington and all across the country, faith and fear and resolve in a tight braid. Because the killers who hate us did the (14) , nothing is unthinkable now. A plume of grill smoke venting from a Manhattan steak house (15) the evacuation of midtown office towers. After the Pentagon (16) , generals called their families and told them (17) the water, it could be poisoned. Sales of guns and gas masks spiked. The National Football League (18) its games for the first time ever; bomb scares emptied 90 sites on Thursday in New York City (19) . People wore sneakers with their suits (20) they had to fly fast down the stairs. Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.16（）
Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do, especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human resources expert notices this in the job applications that come cross his desk every day. "It’s amazing how. many candidates eliminate themselves, "he says."Resumes arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate," Crossley concludes. "If they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job"Can we pay too much attention to details Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. "To keep from losing the forest for the trees, "says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco," we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture. If they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else."Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. "The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time," says Garfield, "but a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary. "Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.Too often we believe what accounts for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow. The best title for this passage would be（）
TextMusic is an important way of expressing people’s feelings and emotions． The (26) , for instance, from 1960 to 1969 will be (27) by many as a period of social and political un- rest in America． (28) this time, many people despaired (29) the music favored by the American teenagers． (30) ,we must now admit that the music they loved was (31) a sign of the period and a (32) of the tensions and changes that were (33) American society． In the early sixties, (34) about social justice and equality were (35) by the song "Blowing in the Wind" which (36) the civil rights song "We Shall Overcome"． The conflict concerning military (37) in Vietnam was sung about in 1965 in the (38) song "Eve of Destruction" and in the song "Ballad of the Green Beret"． A few years (39) ,a gradual shift in mood became (40) in one of the most popular songs which suggested calmer questions and possible answers even as some pop stars protested loudly (41) the draft． Finally, music as a (42) of the political and social process in America was highlighted at Wood-stock, New York, where half a million young people came (43) in 1969 to spend three days listening to songs that spanned the decade． This event was a symbol of the desire for (44) within a time of unrest． Woodstock was a (45) of hope in days of rage．
Everything seemed to have become a weapon of war. Our enemies had (1) the most familiar objects (2) us, turned shaving kits into holsters and airplanes (3) missiles and soccer coaches and newlyweds into involuntary suicide bombers. So it was (4) the President and his generals to plot the response.That is because we are (5) one enemy but two: one unseen, the other inside. Terror on this scale (6) to wreck the way we live our lives-make us flinch when a siren sounds, (7) when a door slams and think twice before deciding (8) we really have to take a plane. If we falter, they win, (9) they never plant another bomb. So after the early helplessness, what can I do I’ve already given blood-people started to realize that (10) they could do was exactly, as precisely as possible, (11) they would have done if all this (12) .That was the spirit (13) in New York and Washington and all across the country, faith and fear and resolve in a tight braid. Because the killers who hate us did the (14) , nothing is unthinkable now. A plume of grill smoke venting from a Manhattan steak house (15) the evacuation of midtown office towers. After the Pentagon (16) , generals called their families and told them (17) the water, it could be poisoned. Sales of guns and gas masks spiked. The National Football League (18) its games for the first time ever; bomb scares emptied 90 sites on Thursday in New York City (19) . People wore sneakers with their suits (20) they had to fly fast down the stairs. Read the following text Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.8（）
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