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passage twoOpen up most fashion magazines and you will see incrediblythin models with impossible hair and wearing unreasonablyexpensive, impracticably styled clothes. But shouldn’t clothes becomfortably durable and make a principle of being simple forthe individual who wears them Why are we constantly toldthat we need to buy new clothes and add fresh pieces to ourcollection Fashions change year after year so lots of people can make pilesof money. If folks are convinced that they need a different look each season, that this year’ssweater’s length and shoes style are important, they can be persuaded to buy. The fashionindustry would have you ignore your shortcomings and just make you feel beautiful and happy. Infact it is not only a phenomenon we can find in people’s dressing. Fashion controls our lives. Fashion controls what we wear, what we eat, what we drink, the waywe cut our hair, the makeup We buy and use, the color of the cars we drive. Fashion even controlsour ideas. You don’t believe me How many. Of your friends are vegetarians Why are they vegetariansBecause it is fashionable! Where does fashion come from Often the reasons are quite logical. Scientists and historiansstudy the fashions of the past and discover the secrets of each fashion. When girls see an attractive guy, their blood pressure rises and their lips become redder. That’swhy guys think that girls wearing lipstick are beautiful. Why do guys shave their heads In the past soldiers shaved their heads to kill the insects thatlived in their hair. Now guys shave their heads so that they look strong and masculine, likesoldiers. People spend a lot of time and money on fashion. But are they wasting their money Changes infashion help to develop new technologies. Changes in style create work for people all over theworld. Many people work in the fashion industry, particularly in the fashion capitals of London,New York, Paris and Milan. And finally, fashion makes you feel good, doesn’t it When you are dressed in the latest style,dancing to the most fashionable music, after watching the latest hit film, you feel great, don’t you The fashion industry makes profits by
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passage twoOpen up most fashion magazines and you will see incrediblythin models with impossible hair and wearing unreasonablyexpensive, impracticably styled clothes. But shouldn’t clothes becomfortably durable and make a principle of being simple forthe individual who wears them Why are we constantly toldthat we need to buy new clothes and add fresh pieces to ourcollection Fashions change year after year so lots of people can make pilesof money. If folks are convinced that they need a different look each season, that this year’ssweater’s length and shoes style are important, they can be persuaded to buy. The fashionindustry would have you ignore your shortcomings and just make you feel beautiful and happy. Infact it is not only a phenomenon we can find in people’s dressing. Fashion controls our lives. Fashion controls what we wear, what we eat, what we drink, the waywe cut our hair, the makeup We buy and use, the color of the cars we drive. Fashion even controlsour ideas. You don’t believe me How many. Of your friends are vegetarians Why are they vegetariansBecause it is fashionable! Where does fashion come from Often the reasons are quite logical. Scientists and historiansstudy the fashions of the past and discover the secrets of each fashion. When girls see an attractive guy, their blood pressure rises and their lips become redder. That’swhy guys think that girls wearing lipstick are beautiful. Why do guys shave their heads In the past soldiers shaved their heads to kill the insects thatlived in their hair. Now guys shave their heads so that they look strong and masculine, likesoldiers. People spend a lot of time and money on fashion. But are they wasting their money Changes infashion help to develop new technologies. Changes in style create work for people all over theworld. Many people work in the fashion industry, particularly in the fashion capitals of London,New York, Paris and Milan. And finally, fashion makes you feel good, doesn’t it When you are dressed in the latest style,dancing to the most fashionable music, after watching the latest hit film, you feel great, don’t you What’s the author’s viewpoint about the models and their hairstyles and clothes
passage oneWhich is safer-staying at home, traveling to work on publictransport, or working in the office Surprisingly, each of thesecarries the same risk, which is very low. However, what aboutflying compared to working in the chemical industryUnfortunately, the former is 65 times riskier than the latter! Infact, the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is lessthan that of almost any of human activity, and almost as safe asstaying at home. The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death tothose living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. Fortunately, they areextremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947),Flixborough (1974),Seveso (1976), Pemex (1984) and Bhopal (1984). Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small. Noone died at Seveso, and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal,where up to 3,000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552. The Pemex fire at astorage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives, just a month before theunfortunate event at Bhopal. Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a particulardanger. Thus the Texas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate(硝酸铵),whichis safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management,which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs. The Seveso accident showswhat happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When thepoisonous gas drifted over the town, local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. ThePemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off achain reactions exploding storage tanks. Yet, by a miracle, the two largest tanks did not explode.Had these caught fire, then 3,000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died. From the discussion among some experts we may conclude that ____.
passage twoOpen up most fashion magazines and you will see incrediblythin models with impossible hair and wearing unreasonablyexpensive, impracticably styled clothes. But shouldn’t clothes becomfortably durable and make a principle of being simple forthe individual who wears them Why are we constantly toldthat we need to buy new clothes and add fresh pieces to ourcollection Fashions change year after year so lots of people can make pilesof money. If folks are convinced that they need a different look each season, that this year’ssweater’s length and shoes style are important, they can be persuaded to buy. The fashionindustry would have you ignore your shortcomings and just make you feel beautiful and happy. Infact it is not only a phenomenon we can find in people’s dressing. Fashion controls our lives. Fashion controls what we wear, what we eat, what we drink, the waywe cut our hair, the makeup We buy and use, the color of the cars we drive. Fashion even controlsour ideas. You don’t believe me How many. Of your friends are vegetarians Why are they vegetariansBecause it is fashionable! Where does fashion come from Often the reasons are quite logical. Scientists and historiansstudy the fashions of the past and discover the secrets of each fashion. When girls see an attractive guy, their blood pressure rises and their lips become redder. That’swhy guys think that girls wearing lipstick are beautiful. Why do guys shave their heads In the past soldiers shaved their heads to kill the insects thatlived in their hair. Now guys shave their heads so that they look strong and masculine, likesoldiers. People spend a lot of time and money on fashion. But are they wasting their money Changes infashion help to develop new technologies. Changes in style create work for people all over theworld. Many people work in the fashion industry, particularly in the fashion capitals of London,New York, Paris and Milan. And finally, fashion makes you feel good, doesn’t it When you are dressed in the latest style,dancing to the most fashionable music, after watching the latest hit film, you feel great, don’t you The author thinks what has been found about fashions by the scientists and the. Historians is
We would all like to think that humankind is getting smarter and wiser and that our past blunders won"t be repeated. Bookshelves are filled with such reassuring pronouncements. Encouraging forecasts rest in part on the belief that we can learn the right lessons from the past and cast discredited ideas onto the ash heap of history, where they belong. Those who think that humanity is making steady if fitful progress might point to the gradual spread of more representative forms of government, the largely successful campaign to eradicate slavery, the dramatic improvements in public health over the past two centuries, the broad consensus that market systems outperform centrally planned economies, or the growing recognition that action must be taken to address humanity"s impact on the environment. An optimist might also point to the gradual decline in global violence since the Cold War. In each case, one can plausibly argue that human welfare improved as new knowledge challenged and eventually overthrew popular dogmas, including cherished but wrongheaded ideas, from aristocracy to mercantilism that had been around for centuries. Yet this sadly turns out to be no universal law; There is no inexorable evolutionary march that replaces our bad, old ideas with smart, new ones. If anything, the story of the last few decades of international relations can just as easily be read as the maddening persistence of dubious thinking. Misguided notions are frustratingly resilient, hard to stamp out, no matter how much trouble they have caused in the past and no matter how many scholarly studies have undermined their basic claims. Consider, for example, the infamous " domino theory, " kicking around in one form or another since President Dwight D. Eisenhower"s 1954 "falling dominoes" speech. During the Vietnam War, plenty of serious people argued that a U. S. withdrawal from Vietnam would undermine America"s credibility around the world and trigger a wave of pro-Soviet realignments. No significant dominoes fell after US troops withdrew in 1975, however, and it was the Berlin Wall that eventually toppled instead. Various scholars examined the domino theory in detail and found little historical or contemporary evidence to support it. Although the domino theory seemed to have been dealt a fatal blow in the wake of the Vietnam War, it has re-emerged, phoenix-like, in the current debate over Afghanistan. We are once again being told that if the United States withdraws from Afghanistan before achieving a clear victory, its credibility will be called into question, al Qaeda and Iran will be emboldened, Pakistan could be imperiled, and NATO"s unity and resolve might be fatally compromised. Back in 2008, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called Afghanistan an " important test of the credibility of NATO, " and President Barack Obama made the same claim in late 2009 when he announced his decision to send 30, 000 more troops there. Obama also justified his decision by claiming that a Taliban victory in Afghanistan would spread instability to Pakistan. Despite a dearth of evidence to support these alarmist predictions, it"s almost impossible to quash the fear that a single change in their strategy will unleash a cascade of falling dominoes. There are other cases in which the lessons of the past—sadly unlearned—should have been even more obvious because they came in the form of truly devastating catastrophes. Germany"s defeat in World War I, for example, should seemingly have seared into Germans" collective consciousness the lesson that trying to establish hegemony in Europe was almost certain to lead to disaster. Yet a mere 20 years later, Adolf Hitler led Germany into another world war to achieve that goal, only to suffer an even more devastating defeat. Why is it so hard for states to learn from history and, especially, from their own mistakes And when they do learn, why are some of those lessons so easily forgotten Moreover, why do discredited ideas come back into fashion when there is no good reason to resurrect them Clearly, learning the right lessons—and remembering them over time—is a lot harder than it seems. But why The author would agree to the following statement EXCEPT______.
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