题目内容
In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage. 浅论中医学健康教育与预防保健 中医学健康教育的主要内容包括调摄精神、注意饮食起居、重视锻炼身体、药物预防疾病以及保持环境卫生和个人卫生等。随着我国人口老龄化进程的加速，疾病谱的不断变化，中医学健康教育在现代生活中，发挥着越来越重要的作用，有着积极的现实意义。 1．调摄精神，强调精神因素与社会因素对健康的影响 中医学认为，真精元气为生命始生之物质，精神、意志是人的根本。人的精神情志活动与人体的生理、病理变化有密切的关系。现代医学认为，精神因素和社会因素在疾病的发生、发展中起着重要作用。随着社会生活节奏的加快，工作压力的加剧，人们的情绪经常处于紧张之中，许多人出现失眠、健忘等神经衰弱症状，甚至导致精神障碍。 2．加强锻炼，合理运动 我国提倡仿生医疗体操的历史十分久远，在长沙马王堆三号汉墓出土的文物里，就有描绘各种导引动作的帛画《导引图》；汉代的华佗创造了“五禽戏”，即模仿五种动物的姿态来锻炼身体；唐代的孙思邈提出“每日必须调气补泄，按摩导引为佳”，其长寿的奥秘是“四体勤奋，每天劳动”。此外，后世不断演变的太极拳、鹤翔桩、易筋经、八段锦等多种健身方法，不仅能增强体质，还能预防疾病的发生。现代医学认为，适量、持久、合理的运动，对人体各系统和器官以及精神和智能，都有着良好的促进作用。 3．饮食起居要有规律，避免劳逸过度 《素问上古天真论》指出能适应自然变化的规律，并对饮食、起居、劳逸作出适当的安排的人，可益寿延年。倘“以酒为浆，以妄为常，醉以入房，以欲竭其精，以耗散其精，不知持满，不时御神，务快其心，逆生于乐，起居无节”，必会“半百而衰也”。现代医学研究表明，许多慢性病的发生与不良的生活方式有密切的关系。如吸烟可引发肺癌、支气管炎、肺气肿、心脏病、消化道溃疡；酗酒可致酒精性肝硬化、恶性肿瘤，并可构成严重的社会问题；食用过多的脂肪、蛋白质、糖或维生素及微量元素缺乏，可引发糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、结肠癌、肥胖症等。 4．预防疾病 我国古代人民早就对传染病提出了相应的预防措施。李时珍在《本草纲目》中提出：“天行瘟疫，取初病衣服，于曾瓦上蒸过，则一家不染。”罗世瑶在《行军方便便方》中写道：将初病疫气人贴肉布衫，于蒸笼内蒸一炷香久，则全军不染。”唐代对麻风病人已设有“疠人坊”，“收养疠疾，男女别坊，四时供承，务令周给。”清代曾制定了将患天花病者迁移隔离的规定，并设置“查痘章京”之官职以管理此事。近年来，人们运用中草药预防某些疾病也取得了较好的效果，如用板蓝根及大青叶预防流感，用茵陈、栀子预防肝炎等。 5．保持环境卫生和个人卫生 生活环境的质量和人的健康息息相关。在夏商，我国劳动人民已知凿井而饮；在殷墟遗址中发现住房附近有排泄废水的水沟；在周代已知通过除害来改善环境卫生；到秦代时，都市已有了下水道、公厕、洒水车等。特别是唐代以来，用开水泡茶之风逐渐盛行，对减少传染病的传播起到了良好的作用。我国古代即养成早晨“盥洗”的好习惯。 综上所述，积极开发中医资源及中医学中朴素的健康教育思想，使其在新的历史时期，为人类的健康发挥积极作用，是十分必要的。
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Scientists have developed a slimming drug that successfully suppresses appetite and results in a dramatic loss of weight without any apparent ill effects. The drug interferes with appetite control and prevents the build-up of fatty tissue. More importantly, the drug appears to prevent a serious decline in metabolic rate-causing tiredness and lethargy—which is typically associated with living on a starvation diet. As a result, mice taking the drug lost 45 percent more weight than mice fed the same amount of food, which compensate for the lack of food by becoming more sluggish. The scientists, from the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, said that C 75 is likely to produce a similar effect on humans because appetite control in the brain is thought to be based largely on the same chemical pathways as those in mice. " We are not claiming to have found the fabled weight-loss drug. What we have found, using C 75, is a major path way in the brain that the body uses naturally in regulating appetite at least in mice," said Francis Kuhajda, a pathologist and senior team member. "We badly need effective drugs for weight loss. Obesity is a huge problem. We"re hoping to explore the possibilities of this new pathway," he said. Discovering a biochemical pathway in the brain that controls appetite raises new prospects for developing slimming aids. Research on leptin, a hormone produced in fatty tissue for controlling fat deposits, has so far failed to produce the expected slimming drug break-through. The latest study, published in the journal Science, showed that even moderate doses of C 75 produced a significant loss of appetite, which returned to normal after a few months. The scientists believe that C 75, which they produced synthetically in the laboratory, binds to an enzyme called fatty acid sythase, which is involved in storing excess food intake as fat. Inhibiting the enzyme causes a build-up of a chemical in the liver which acts as a precursor to fat deposition. This precursor is thought to have an indirect effect on the brain, causing appetite suppression. Normally, when animals fast, a hormone called neuropeptide Y increases sharply in the appetite control centers of the brain, stimulating the desire for food. However, when animals are given C 75, levels of this hormone fall, leading to a loss of interest in food. Dr Kuhajda said discovering that C 75 has no effect on metabolic rate is one of the most significant findings of the study. "If you try to lose weight by starving, your metabolism slows down after a few days," he said. " It" s a survival mechanism that sabotages many diets. We see this in fasting mice. Yet metabolic rate in the C 75-treated mice doesn"t slow at all. " Further animals studies will be needed before C 75 could be tested on humans. The scientists from the Johns Hopkins University said that C 75, the slimming drug proved effective in mice, is likely to work on humans because______.
Researchers have recently found a connection between disease and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system. The immune system in our bodies fights the bacteria and viruses which cause disease. Therefore , whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness. Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factor and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune system function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease. Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness, for example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. They found that the sick students there had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses and found that the nurses who developed cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people. In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i. e. , people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined some white blood cells which are an important part of the immune system. They were not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psychological stress, such as a loved one" s death, may damage an important part of our immune system. There is still no positive proof of a connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often sleep and eat less than normal, or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors. Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage
Scientists have developed a slimming drug that successfully suppresses appetite and results in a dramatic loss of weight without any apparent ill effects. The drug interferes with appetite control and prevents the build-up of fatty tissue. More importantly, the drug appears to prevent a serious decline in metabolic rate-causing tiredness and lethargy—which is typically associated with living on a starvation diet. As a result, mice taking the drug lost 45 percent more weight than mice fed the same amount of food, which compensate for the lack of food by becoming more sluggish. The scientists, from the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, said that C 75 is likely to produce a similar effect on humans because appetite control in the brain is thought to be based largely on the same chemical pathways as those in mice. " We are not claiming to have found the fabled weight-loss drug. What we have found, using C 75, is a major path way in the brain that the body uses naturally in regulating appetite at least in mice," said Francis Kuhajda, a pathologist and senior team member. "We badly need effective drugs for weight loss. Obesity is a huge problem. We"re hoping to explore the possibilities of this new pathway," he said. Discovering a biochemical pathway in the brain that controls appetite raises new prospects for developing slimming aids. Research on leptin, a hormone produced in fatty tissue for controlling fat deposits, has so far failed to produce the expected slimming drug break-through. The latest study, published in the journal Science, showed that even moderate doses of C 75 produced a significant loss of appetite, which returned to normal after a few months. The scientists believe that C 75, which they produced synthetically in the laboratory, binds to an enzyme called fatty acid sythase, which is involved in storing excess food intake as fat. Inhibiting the enzyme causes a build-up of a chemical in the liver which acts as a precursor to fat deposition. This precursor is thought to have an indirect effect on the brain, causing appetite suppression. Normally, when animals fast, a hormone called neuropeptide Y increases sharply in the appetite control centers of the brain, stimulating the desire for food. However, when animals are given C 75, levels of this hormone fall, leading to a loss of interest in food. Dr Kuhajda said discovering that C 75 has no effect on metabolic rate is one of the most significant findings of the study. "If you try to lose weight by starving, your metabolism slows down after a few days," he said. " It" s a survival mechanism that sabotages many diets. We see this in fasting mice. Yet metabolic rate in the C 75-treated mice doesn"t slow at all. " Further animals studies will be needed before C 75 could be tested on humans. The newly-found slimming drug can successfully suppress appetite because______.
For eight months he has floated in his private ocean. This morning he awakens, opens his eyes, yawns and kicks vigorously several times. His umbilical cord drifts by his questing fingers. He plays with it briefly, brings his hands up to his mouth and sucks his thumb. Over his mother" s heartbeat and the gurgles of her digestive tract, he can hear her talking with his father. Interested, he stops sucking to listen. Until recent years, we could only speculate on what life was like for an unborn baby. Then, major advances inultrasound scanningbegan opening a window to the womb; doctors could view every movement of the baby on a television—like screen. The pictures show unborn babies yawning, sucking, grasping, stretching, blinking and making faces—in short, all the things they will do after birth. Normally an unborn baby never experiences hunger or thirst. But if a mother does not consume sufficient nutrients, the baby" s diet will not be adequate either. When an unborn baby is severely malnourished—for instance, because his mother" s heavy smoking restricts blood flow to the placenta—Dr, Jason Birnholz, an ultrasound expert, believes he has seen the baby" s chest and throat making crying motions. A radio startles him awake. He blinks and grimaces at the new sensation, but then becomes interested in the music. He turns his head to bring his ear closer to the outside world. He notices the pressure of the book his mother is resting on her belly. He kicks at it, her laugh comes to him as a dull, echoing rumble. She pats the spot he kicked and, entering into the spirit of the game, he kicks back. They play several rounds before he loses interest and falls asleep. Can a mother" s stress, anger, shock or grief harm her baby No. The normal stresses and strains of life won" t hurt him. As the expert Maurers put it, such periods are the womb equivalent of having a spell of " bad weather". Some are startled when exposed to a series of loud buzzes, but some then turn an ear to listen. Severe continuous stress may be another story. It remains unclear whether problems arise from the stress itself or from the poor nutrition, smoking, drinking or drug taking that likely accompany it. In any case the baby is affected. The passage suggests that______.
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