Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this (1) , every group has a culture, however un-developed or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture(2) another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic (3) among the different languages.People once (4) the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped(5) of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. (6) it is possible that language (7) began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages (8) no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of (9) groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely(10) , delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They (11) behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, (12) only in their vocabularies, which reflect their speakers’ social (13) Even in this department, (14) , two things are to be noted: (1) All languages seem to (15) the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence (16) by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. (2) The objects and activities requiring names and (17) in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often (18) numerous and complicated. A Western languages distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ( "this" and "that" ); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker or to the person (19) and what is removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, (20) a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank. Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.12（）

A. surprisingly
B. illogically
C. improbably
D. invariably