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TEXT D A full moon was shining down on the jungle. Accompanied only by an Indian guide, the American explorer and archaeologist Edward Herbert Thompson—thirteen hundred years after the Mayas had left their cities and made a break for the country farther north—was riding through the New Empire that they had built for themselves, which had collapsed after the arrival of the Spaniards. He was searching for Chichen Itza, the largest, most beautiful, mightiest, and most splendid of all Mayan cities. Horses and men had been suffering intense hardships on the trail. Thompson’s head sagged on his breast from fatigue, and each time his horse stumbled be all but fell out of the saddle. Suddenly his guide shouted to him. Thompson woke up with a start. He looked ahead and saw a fairyland. Above the dark treetops rose a mound, height and steep, and on top of the mound was a temple, bathed in cool moonlight. In the hush of the night it towered over the treetops like the Parthenon of some Mayan acropolis. It seemed to grow in size as they approached. The Indian guide dismounted, unsaddled his horse, and roiled out his blanket for the night’s sleep. Thompson could not tear his fascinated gaze from the great structure. While the guide prepared his bed, he sprang from his horse and continued on foot. Steep stairs overgrown with grass and bushes, and in part fallen into ruins, led from the base of the mound up to the temple. Thompson was acquainted with this architectural form, which was obviously some kind of pyramid. He was familiar, too, with the function of pyramids as known in Egypt. But this Mayan version was not a tomb, like the pyramids of Gizeh. Externally it rather brought to mind a ziggurat, but to a much greater degree than the Bablyloinan ziggurats it seemed to consist mostly of a stony hill providing support or the enormous stairs rising higher and higher, towards the gods of the sun and moon. Thompson climbed up the steps. He looked at the ornamentation, the rich reliefs. On top, almost 96 feet above the jungle, he surveyed the scene, lie counted one two-three-a half dozen scattered buildings, half-hidden in shadow, often revealed by nothing more than a gleam of moonlight on stone. This, then, was Chichen-Itza. From its original status as advance outpost at the beginning of the great trek to the north, it had grown into a shining metropolis, the heart of the New Empire. Again and again during the next few days Thompson climbed on to the old ruins." I stood upon the roof of this temple one morning" he writes" just as the first rays of the sun reddened the distant horizon. The morning stillness was profound. The noises of the night had ceased, and those of the day were not yet begun. All the sky above and the earth below seemed to be breathlessly waiting for something. Then the great round sun came up, flaming splendidly, and instantly the whole world sang and hummed. The birds in the trees and the insects on the ground sang a grand Te Deum. Nature herself taught primal man to be a sun worshipper and man in his heart of hearts still follows the ancient teaching." Thompson stood where he was, immobile and enchanted. The jungle melted away before his gaze. Wide spaces opened up, processions crept up to the temple site, music sounded, palaces became filled with reveling, the temples hummed with religious adjuration. He try to recognize his task. For out there in the jungle green he could distinguish a narrow path, barely traced out in the weak light, a path that might lead to Chichen-Itza’s most exciting mystery: the Sacred Well. What was Thompson’s first reaction to the scene ahead
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某卷烟厂为增值税一般纳税人，2009年6月有关业务如下： (1)进口一批煳丝，成交价格8万元，发生境外运费及保险赞2万元，关税税率为20%，缴纳进口环节税金后海关放行，本月生产A品牌卷烟领用10%。 (2)从农民手中收购烟叶，收购价款20万元、运费3万元，缴纳烟叶税4.4万元，并取得收购凭证和运费发票。从某生产企业购进烟丝。取得的防伪税控系统开具的增值税专用发票上注明金额15万元、税额2.55万元，本月生产A品牌卷烟领用40%。从供销社(小规模纳税人)购进烟丝，取得税务机关代开的增值税专用发票，注明不含税金额4万元，本月生产A品牌卷烟领用20%。 (3)销售给专卖商店A品牌卷烟50标准箱，由于货款回笼及时，根据合同规定，给予专卖商店2%折扣，卷烟厂实际取得不含税销售额245万元；支付销货运费7万元，并取得运费发票。 (4)销售4年前购买的厂房取得销售收入1400万元。该厂房购进价格1000万元，净值800万元，由于购买方未按照合同规定支付价款，取得违约金2万元。 (5)销售自己使用过1年的设备取得销售收入1.5万元，该没备原值3万元。已提折旧1万元；销售不需用的外购材料取得销售收入2.34万元，开具普通发票。 (6)用4标准箱A品牌卷烟换取一台厂部接待用商务用车。 假没外购烟丝没有期初余额，供销社主管税务机关未回函确认其烟丝缴纳消费税情况，A品牌卷烟调拨价200元/条，本月取得韵增值税相关票据均符合规定，并在本月认证抵扣。(已知烟丝的消费税率为30%，甲类卷烟的消费税率为56%加150元/标准箱，乙类卷烟的消费税率为36%加150元/标准箱) 根据上述资料回答下列问题： 该卷烟厂销售厂房应纳营业税（）万元。
Climate Change Scientists predict increasing droughts, floods and extreme weather and say there is growing evidence that human activities are to blame.What Is Climate Change The planet’s climate is constantly changing. The global average temperature is currently in the region of 15℃. Geological and other evidence suggests that, in the past, this average may have been as high as 27℃ and as low as 7℃. But scientists are concerned that the natural fluctuation (波动) has been overtaken by a rapid human-induced warming that has serious implications for the stability of the climate on which much life on the planet depends.What Is the "Greenhouse Effect" The greenhouse effect refers to the role played by gases which effectively trap energy from the Sun in the Earth’s atmosphere. Without them, the planet would be too cold to sustain life as we know it. The most important of these gases in the natural greenhouse effect is water vapor, but concentrations of that are changing little and it plays almost no role in modern human-induced greenhouse warming. Other greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane (甲烷) and nitrous (含氮的) oxide, which arc released by modern industry, agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. Their concentration in the atmosphere is increasing-the concentration of carbon dioxide has risen by more than 30% since 1800. The majority of climate scientists accept the theory that an increase in these gases will cause a rise in the Earth’s temperature.What Is the Evidence of Warming Temperature records go back to the late 19th century and show that the global average temperature increased by about 0.6℃ in the 20th century. Sea levels have risen 10～20 cm-thought to be caused mainly by the expansion of warming oceans. Most glaciers in temperate regions of the world and along the Antarctic Peninsula are in retreat, and records show Arctic sea-ice has thinned by 40% in recent decades in summer and autumn. There are anomalies (异常) however-parts of the Antarctic appear to be getting colder, and there are discrepancies between trends in surface temperatures and those in the troposphere(对流层) (the lower portion of the atmosphere).How Much Will Temperatures Rise If nothing is done to reduce emissions, current climate models predict a global temperature increase of 1.4～5.8℃ by 2100. Even if we cut greenhouse gas emissions dramatically now, scientists say the effects would continue because parts of the climate system, particularly large bodies of water and ice, can take hundreds of years to respond to changes in temperature. It also takes greenhouse gases in the atmosphere decades to break down. It is possible that we have already irrevocably(不可撤回地) committed the Greenland ice sheet to melting, which would cause an estimated 7m rise in sea level. There are also indications that the west Antarctic ice sheet may have begun to melt, though scientists caution further research is necessary.How Will the Weather Change Globally, we can expect more extreme weather events, with heat waves becoming hotter and more frequent. Scientists predict more rainfall overall, but say the risk of drought in inland areas during hot summers will increase. More flooding is expected from storms and rising sea levels. There are, however, likely to be very strong regional variations in these patterns, and these are difficult to predict.What Will the Effects Be The potential impact is huge, with predicted freshwater shortages, sweeping changes in food production conditions, and increases in deaths from floods, storms, heat waves and droughts. Poorer countries, which are least equipped to deal with rapid change, will suffer most. Plant and animal extinctions are predicted as habitats change faster than species can adapt, and the World Health Organization has warned that the health of millions could be threatened by increases in malaria, water-borne disease and malnutrition.What Don’t We Know We don’t know exactly what proportion of the observed warming is caused by human activities or what the knock-on effects of the warming will be. The precise relationship between concentrations of carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases) and temperature rise is not known, which is one reason why there is such uncertainty in projections Of temperature increase. Global warming will cause some changes which will speed up further warming, such as the release of large quantities of the greenhouse gas methane as permafrost(永久冻结带) melts. Other factors may mitigate(减轻) warming. It is possible that plants may take more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as their growth speeds up in warmer conditions, though this remains in doubt. Scientists are not sure how the complex balance between these positive and negative feedback effects will play out.What about the Skeptics Global warming "skeptics" fall into three broad camps: · those who maintain temperatures are not rising; · those who accept the climate is changing but suspect it is largely down to natural variation; · those who accept the theory of human-induced warming but say it is not worth tackling as other global problems are more pressing. Nevertheless, there is a growing scientific consensus (舆论) that, even on top of the natural variability of the climate, something out of the ordinary is happening and humans are to blame. A scientific report commissioned by the U.S. government has concluded there is "clear evidence" of climate change caused by human activities. The report, from the federal Climate Change Science Program, said trends seen over the last 50 years "cannot be explained by natural processes alone". It found that temperatures have increased in the lower atmosphere as well as at the Earth’s surface. However, scientists involved in the report say better data is badly needed. Observations down the years have suggested that the troposphere, the lower atmosphere, is not warming up, despite evidence that temperatures at the Earth’s surface are rising. This goes against generally accepted tenets (原则) of atmospheric physics, and has been used by "climate skeptics" as proof that there is no real warming. The new report, Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere, re-analyses the atmospheric data and concludes that tropospheric temperatures are rising. This means, it says, that the impact of human activities upon the global climate is clear. "The observed patterns of change over the past 50 years cannot be explained by natural processes alone, nor by the effect of short-lived atmospheric constituents (such as aerosols and tropospheric ozone ) alone," it says.Holes in the Data But there are some big uncertainties which still need resolving. Globally, the report concludes, tropospheric temperatures have risen by 0.10 and 0.20℃ per decade since 1979, when satellite data became generally available. The wide gap between the two figures means, says the report, that "...it is not clear whether the troposphere has warmed more or less than the surface." Peter Thorne, of the U.K. Meteorological Office, who contributed to the report, ascribes this uncertainty to poor data "Basically, we’ve not been observing the atmosphere with climate in mind," he told the BBC News website. "We’re looking for very small signals in data that are very noisy. From one day to the next, the temperature can change by 10℃, but we’re looking for a signal in the order of 0.1℃ per decade." The report shows up a particular discrepancy concerning the tropics, where it concludes that temperatures are rising by between 0.02 and 0.19℃ per decade, a big margin of error. Additionally, the majority of the available datasets show more warming at the surface than in the troposphere, whereas most models predict the opposite. For Fred Singer, of the Science and Environmental Policy Project, a prominent climate skeptic, this suggests that the report’s support for the concept of human-induced climate change is spin rather than substance. "The basic data in the report is quite OK," he said, "but the interpretation that’s been given is different from what the data says."No Inconsistency Measuring tropospheric temperatures is far from a simple business. Satellites sense the "average" temperature of the air between themselves and the Earth, largely blind to what is happening at different altitudes. To compound matters, instruments on board satellites degrade over time, orbits subtly drift, and calibration (校准) between different satellites may be poor. Weather balloons (or radiosondes) take real-time measurements as they ascend, but scientists can never assess instruments afterwards; they are "fire-and-forget" equipment. Correcting for all these potential sources of error is a sensitive and time-consuming process. The report makes clear recommendations for the kind of infrastructure needed to produce higher-quality data and resolve remaining uncertainties. Key recommendations include: · establishing reference sites for radiosonde measurements which would increase consistency between datasets; · making sure the operating periods of satellites overlap so instruments can be cross-calibrated; · observing factors such as wind, clouds, and humidity in the troposphere to make sure they are consistent with temperature data. Such observations could produce an unambiguous picture of tropospheric warming, removing discrepancies over the scientific picture and providing better data which can be used to improve computer models. Water vapor plays almost no role in modern greenhouse warming.
Everyone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him; and afterward when you say to this person "the world today" or "life" or "reality", he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever. For me, this moment-four years in a moment in history-was the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of its characteristics: Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been. The other two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not, never has been, and never will be what the songs and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn’t very much to buy. Trains are always late and always crowded with "service men". The war will always be fought, very far from America, and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people who are always either leaving or on leave. People in America cry often. Sixteen is the key, crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind you as a harmonious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world. When you are sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To waste anything in America is immoral. String and tinfoil are treasures. Newspapers are always crowded with strange maps and names of towns, and every few months the earth seems to lurch(突然倾斜) from its path when you see something in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside down on a meat hook. Which statement best describes the author’s feelings about the war
TEXT C Elizabeth was fortunate to be born in the lull flush of Renaissance enthusiasm for education. Women had always been educated of course, for had not St. Paul said that women were men’s equals in the possession of a soul But to the old idea that they should be trained in Christian manners and thought was now added a new purpose: to quicken the spirit and train them in the craft and eloquence of the classical authors of Greece and Rome. Critics were not wanting, morbidly obsessed with the weaknesses of the Sex—its love of novelty and inborn tendency to vice—to think women dangerous enough without adding to their subtlety and forwardness; but they were not able to stem the tide. Henry VII’s mother was one of the first to indicate the new trend. She knew enough French to translate "The Mirror of God for the Sinful Soul" and was the patron of Caxton, the first English printer, and a liberal benefactor to the universities. Sir Thomas More’s daughters studied Greek, Latin, philosophy, Astronomy, Physic, Arithmetic, Logic, Rhetoric and Music. In his household women were treated as men’s equals in conversation and wit, and scholars boasted of them in letters to friends abroad. The movement was strengthened from abroad by Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII’ S Spanish Queen. In the Spain of her childhood ladies were the friends of scholars Vives, one of the most refreshing figures in the history of education, to write a plan of studies for the education of her daughter Mary. This was the heritage into which the sharp-witted child Elizabeth entered. At six years old, it was said, she was precociously intelligent and had as much gravity as if she had been forty. Little is known of her education until her tenth year, when she became the pupil of the Cambridge humanists, Roger Ascham and William Grindall, but she was already learning French and Italian and must have been well grounded in Lation. Ascham helped her to form that beautiful Italian hand she wrote on all special occasions and with him she spent the morning on Greek, first the New Testament and then the classical authors, translating them first into English and then back into the original. The afternoons were given over to Latin, and she also studied Protestant theology, kept up her French and Italian and later learned Spanish. When she was sixteen Ascham wrote:" Her mind has no womanly weakness, her perseverance is equal to that of a man, and her memory long keeps what it quickly picks up." Though it is easy to be cynical about the reputed accomplishments of the great, Elizabeth was notoriously quick and intelligent and had a real love of learning. Even as queen she did not abandon her studies. Women’s education in the Middle Ages was intended to make them into good Christians, but in the Renaissance the idea was to______
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